This paper examines a general model of contract in multi-period settings with both external and self-enforcement. In the model, players alternately engage in contract negotiation and take individual actions. A notion of contractual equilibrium, which combines a bargaining solution and individual incentive constraints, is proposed and analyzed. The modeling framework helps identify the relation ...

Several strategies are used to explain emergent interaction patterns in agent-based simulations. A distinction can be made between simulations in which the agents just behave in a reactive way, and simulations involving agents with also pro-active (goal-directed) behavior. Pro-active behavior is more variable and harder to predict than reactive behavior, and therefore it might be harder to expl...

Open source software has witnessed an exponential growth in the last two decades and it is playing an increasingly important role in many companies and organizations leading to the formation of open source software ecosystems. In this paper we present a quality model that will allow the evaluation of those ecosystems in terms of their relevant quality characteristics such as health or activenes...

This study aims to determine the effect of classroom management skills on student activity in elementary schools. use method literature study. The data were obtained from results a review several journal articles which then processed into descriptions for discussion. this indicate that is very influential activeness students class. A teacher who able manage class well will create conducive envi...

The purpose of holding a rank 1 game is to test improving learning outcomes and the activeness children As-Shohwah orphanage. This 1st was held at elementary-junior-high school level, Orphanage, Simpang Baru Village, Pekanbaru City. Team ranking method by providing training then giving competition in form general questions. results get enthusiastic, increased interest again, lively active enthu...