The causes and the prevention of carbon steel corrosion in amine systems are reviewed. The corrosive agents are acid gases, oxygen, heat stable salts, amine degradation products, and, in refineries, gas contaminants such as ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. Corrosion mechanisms are provided for carbon steel exposed to amine solutions and for amine regenerator overhead systems containing aqueous con...

Normally closed (NC) micro check-valve is used to stop liquid flow when liquid pressure difference across the membrane is lower than the designed cracking pressure. As shown in Figure 2-1, when the applied pressure P is lower than the designed cracking pressure, P c , the NC check-valve is closed, and vice versa. Generally the cracking pressure can be introduced electrically such as electromagn...

The initiating explosive devices are prohibited in rock breaking near the goaf of the highly gassy mine. It is effective and applicable to cracking the hard roof with static cracking agent. By testing the static cracking of cubic limestone (size: 200 × 200 × 200 mm) with true triaxial rock mechanics testing machine under the effect of bidirectional stress and by monitoring the evolution process...

It is broadly accepted that so-called 'thermal' gas is the product of thermal cracking, 'primary' thermal gas from kerogen cracking, and 'secondary' thermal gas from oil cracking. Since thermal cracking of hydrocarbons does not generate products at equilibrium and thermal stress should not bring them to equilibrium over geologic time, we would not expect methane, ethane, and propane to be at eq...

Cracking is a major concern in welding aluminum alloys. Although weld solidification cracks can be eliminated through addition of filler alloy, the additives modify the alloy or base-metal constituents and may not always be desirable. High-energy beam processes, such as electron-beam welding, that result in minimal heat input reduce crack sensitivity, but their high cost limits their applicatio...

Crack surveys of bridge decks, performed over a 10-year period in northeast Kansas as part of three studies, provide strong guidance in identifying the parameters that control cracking in these structures. The surveys involve steel girder bridges—bridges that are generally agreed to exhibit the greatest amount of cracking in the concrete decks. The surveys include monolithic decks and decks wit...

The review is dedicated to the topical field of research aimed at creating catalysts combining several types active sites. At same time, composition Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) products can be controlled by changing strength and concentration sites inter-site distances. A comparative analysis literature data allows formulate main principles catalytic particles formation in FTS acid-catalyze...

Herein, we present the production of jet and diesel range hydrocarbons from non-edible hexane-extracted Brassica carinata oil. The influence four heterogeneous catalysts (two noble metal catalysts: Pd/C Ru/C, two transition Ni/C Ni/SiO2-Al2O3) was investigated at 400 °C. were characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, TGA, TG-TPR, BET specific surface area pore size analyzer. upgrad...

Among the current IPPC installations, steam cracking for olefin production is the single most energy consuming process (ca. 30%) in the chemical industry, accounting for ca. 180 million tons of CO2 worldwide. This paper reviews steam cracking and innovative emerging olefin technologies in terms of energy efficiency. Pyrolysis section alone consumes ca. 65% of the total energy use and ca. 75% of...