BACKGROUND Characterization of opioid excretion in sweat is important for accurate interpretation of sweat tests in drug treatment, criminal justice, and workplace drug testing programs. METHODS Participants (n=20) received placebo, 3 low (60 mg/70 kg) or 3 high (120 mg/70 kg) codeine sulfate doses (used as a model for opioid excretion) within 1 week. Codeine and metabolites in sweat were col...

BACKGROUND The misuse of codeine is of increasing concern in a number of countries, particularly as this relates to over -the-counter pain and cough relief medication, and is also supplied as a prescription medicine. The study aimed to obtain and analyse the opinions and experience of pharmacy staff with regard to codeine misuse. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey of pharmacy staff's ...

1. The ability of activated charcoal, treated in differing ways with poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), to adsorb paracetamol was studied. 2. Activated charcoal was coated with 2,4 or 10% by weight of poly(hydroxyethy1methacrylate). Neither the percentage by weight (2, 4 or 10%) coating of activated charcoal by the polymer nor the procedure used to apply the coat affected the total adsorption of p...

OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this guideline is to assist the practitioner in choosing an appropriate acute medication for an individual with migraine, based on current evidence in the medical literature and expert consensus. It is focused on patients with episodic migraine ( headache on ≤ 14 days a month). METHODS A detailed search strategy was used to find a relevant meta-analyses, sy...

OBJECTIVE Although not recommended as first line therapy by consensus guidelines, opioid analgesics are commonly used to treat headaches. This study evaluates trends in opioid use for headaches in US emergency departments (EDs). METHODS We performed a retrospective review of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2001 through 2010. Adult headache-related visits were identified....

This therefore makes it difficult to explain the prescription of a pro-drug, where we can so poorly predict the response without genetically testing each individual patient. The rationale given for using codeine in paediatrics is reported to include familiarity with the drug, the lack of controlled drug status, and ease of prescribing. It is administered in day surgery settings and prescribed f...

This analytical method for easier determination of codeine in human plasma is based on "high-performance" liquid chromatography for separation and the natural fluorescence of codeine for detection. Codeine is extracted from alkalinized plasma with a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane, and the extract is further purified and chromatographed. The method can be used for routine assay of codeine...

OBJECTIVE To investigate morbidity related to misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) codeine-ibuprofen analgesics. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective case series collected from Victorian hospital-based addiction medicine specialists between May 2005 and December 2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morbidity associated with codeine-ibuprofen misuse. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with serious morbidity were ...

background & aim: papaver bracteatum lindl.  (papaverace) is an important pharmaceutical plant which contains isoqinoline alkaloids. isoqinoline alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the papaverace family. codeine and thebaine are important alkaloids of papaver bracteatum which use widely due to its medicinal properties. therefore it is necessary to determinati...