Non-luminous relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds have been detected by the radio signals of low frequency ∼40–400 kHz which they radiate. The electron beams occur ∼2–9 ms after positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges at heights between ∼22–72 km above thunderclouds. Intense positive lightning discharges can also cause sprites which occur either above or prior to the electron b...

In the short time since the Belle Collaboration reported sighting the “missing” charmonium state η c(2 S0) in exclusive B → KKSK π decays [1], new states associated with charmonium have appeared in great profusion. Apart from the long-sought hc(1 P1), recently observed by the CLEO Collaboration in the decay ψ(2S) → πhc → (γγ)(γηc) [2, 3], all the newly observed states lie near or above charm th...

If clustering of the arrival directions of ultra high energy cosmic rays is discovered, this would provide important information about their origin, composition, and the galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields. We present here the analysis of the autocorrelation function of the data from the Pierre Auger Observatory as a function of the angular scale and the energy threshold. We compare our ...

Over decades, sunspots and their fine structures have been studied in detail at the photospheric level with different ground-based telescopes, as the surface of the Sun primarily emits light in the visible wavelengths. For a very long period, the upper atmosphere above the sunspot regions, especially the transition region (TR) above sunspots where the plasma emits light in the far ultraviolet (...