Breathing is more vulnerable to apneas and irregular breathing patterns during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both humans and rodents. We previously reported that robust and recurrent recruitment of expiratory abdominal (ABD) muscle activity is present in rats during REM epochs despite ongoing REM-induced muscle atonia in skeletal musculature. To develop a further understanding of the charac...

Extradenticle (Exd) and Homothorax (Hth) function as positive transcriptional cofactors of Hox proteins, helping them to bind specifically their direct targets. The posterior Hox protein Abdominal-B (Abd-B) does not require Exd/Hth to bind DNA; and, during embryogenesis, Abd-B represses hth and exd transcription. Here we show that this repression is necessary for Abd-B function, as maintained E...

commitment to social issues of human being is a dominant theme in contemporary poetry which introduces poets to the history who make an attempt to depict social concepts and solve the problems of society. abd al-wahhab al-bayyati and mehdi akhavan sales are two prominent poets who move along this atmosphere. they live in two communities with similar social conditions. due to common beliefs and ...

We have examined the developmental consequences for larval and imaginal segmental cuticular structure of a chromosomal translocation involving a breakpoint in the abdominal region of the bithorax complex (BX-C). This complex makes an essential contribution to the development of metameric differences in part of the thorax and in all abdominal segments. The breakpoint is proximal to the most dist...

We tested whether Artemia abd-A could repress limbs in Drosophila embryos, and found that although abd-A transcripts were produced, ABD-A protein was not. Similarly, developing Artemia epidermal cells showed expression of abd-A transcripts without accumulation of ABD-A protein. This finding in Artemia reveals a new variation in Hox gene function that is associated with morphological evolution. ...

The E loci in Bombyx mori are expected to contain a homeotic gene complex specifying the identities of the larval abdominal segments. However, the molecular structure of this complex remains to be determined. We have started to analyze the structural changes in the E complex mutations. We used three newly isolated Bombyx homeobox genes as probes. These genes are probably homologues of the Ultra...