The aim of this letter is to facilitate the standardisation of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) codesets used to code injuries in trauma registries. We have compiled a definitive list of the changes which have been implemented between the AIS 2005 and Update 2008 versions. While the AIS 2008 codeset appears to have remained consistent since its release, we have identified discrepancies between th...

adequate remuneration and professional autonomy. Unfortunately, the economic cost of these idealized features became too high. Health care costs as a percentage of America's gross domestic product rose from 5.2 per cent in the 1950s to a peak of 13.7 per cent in 1993. This came about because of a combination of general factors found in many western countries (including an ageing population, and...

Attempts have been made to improve the Injury Severity Score (ISS) system of Baker et al. (1974) using plasma lactate data obtained from 277 patients shortly after injury and before treatment. The ISS is based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) values of the individual injuries, being the sum of the squares of the values for the three most severely injured regions. Log (plasma lactate concen...

Bioconcentration of individual cedarwood oil constituents tested using an abbreviated dietary exposure in vivo test with internal benchmarking.