Abstract Introduction: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by insulinopenia sensorineural hearing loss. This rare form of monogenic most commonly associated with the A3243G mutation mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The same seen in 80 percent patients MELAS (Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes). MIDD have overlappi...

Abstract Background and Aims Mitochondrial Diseases represent a heterogeneous set of maternally inherited diseases that arise by mutations either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or in genes nuclear (nDNA) linked to cell cross-talk. Many mtDNA code for different are wide spectrum kidney manifestations ranging from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), tubule-interstitial disease (TIN), nephro...

Of the three major bilaterian clades, Lophotrochozoa has the greatest diversity and disparity of body forms and is the least understood in terms of phylogenetic history. Within this clade, small nuclear ribosomal subunit (SSU or 18S) studies have failed to provide resolution and other molecular markers have insufficient taxon sampling. To examine relationships within Lophotrochozoa, we collecte...