introduction evaluation of the delivered dose of externally wedged photon beams by external diode dosimeters during the treatment process requires the estimation of exit surface dose correction factors in various wedge angles and field sizes. materials and methods a system of absorbed dose evaluation, using p-type diode dosimeters placed on the exit surface of a phantom, was characterized for e...

Temporal modulation of the quantum vacuum through fast motion a neutral body or changes its optical properties is known to promote virtual into real photons, so-called dynamical Casimir effect. Empowering protocols with spatial control could enable shaping spectral, spatial, spin, and entanglement emitted photon pairs. Space–time metasurfaces have been proposed as platform realize this physics ...

background: delivering the maximum dose to tumor while achieving the minimum dose delivery to normal tissue; is the most important goal in external radiotherapy. diode in vivo dosimetry is widely considered to be an important tool for quality improvement of patient care in external radiotherapy. uncertainty in dose delivery should fall within 5% of the prescribed dose as recommended by internat...

The advent of photon-based quantum cryptography, communication and computation schemes is increasing the need for light sources that produce individual photons; as unwanted additional photons can render quantum cryptographic links insecure and degrade quantum-computation efficiencies. More specifically, it would be useful to have these photons created in response to an external trigger, or even...