This article considers a class of metastable non-reversible diffusion processes whose invariant measure is Gibbs associated with Morse potential. In companion paper (Lee and Seo in Probab Theory Relat Fields 182:849–903, 2022), we proved the Eyring–Kramers formula for corresponding processes. this article, further develop result by proving that suitably time-rescaled process converges to Markov...

In higher plants, the generation of proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ΔpH) through cyclic electron flow (CEF) has mainly two functions: (1) to generate ATP and balance the ATP/NADPH energy budget, and (2) to protect photosystems I and II against photoinhibition. The intensity of light under which plants are grown alters both CEF activity and the ATP/NADPH demand for primary metabol...

INTRODUCTION Recent studies report a shortage of pediatric surgeons in the United States. We surveyed members of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) to estimate current workforce and demand and to provide data for workforce planning. METHODS We conducted a survey of 849 APSA members to provide workforce data on their communities as follows: the number of active, retired, or ina...

BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that there may be a bidirectional, physiological link between hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to improve some symptoms of MetS in small patient populations. We examined the effect of 12 months of TRT on MetS components in a large cohort of hypogonadal men. METHODS Data were obtained from ...