Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are selectively expressed in mammalian immune cells and have been linked to responses host defense autoimmune disease. In macrophages, miRNAs regulate cell metabolism by repressing the expression of genes such as transcription factors, enzymes, metabolism-related molecules, well that impact inflammatory phenotype determination. Previous studies showed miR-22 plays a role...

Thus far, immunotherapies based on one or a few immunostimulatory molecules have shown limited antitumor efficacy. This highlights the need to use multiple immunostimulatory molecules, to target different immune cells, including immunosuppressive cells, simultaneously. Consequently, in this study, we delivered intratumorally via protein transfer four molecules, including the chemotactic molecul...

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a DC subtype that exerts divergent functions in innate and adoptive immunity including the immediate reaction to microbial factors and the induction of immunoregulatory responses. It is thought that different DC subtypes may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In our study we assessed the phenotype, maturation and ...

Adoptive transfer of NK cells has been widely applied clinically for cancer immunotherapy. However, the difficulties to obtain a large number of activated NK cells impede the successful application of such therapy. In the present study, we implemented a novel method involving the use of immobilized human 4-1BBL and interleukin-21 to amplify NK cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (...

Members of the TNF receptor superfamily are type I membrane glycoproteins with limited homology (overall homologies: 25%-30%) in the extracellular domain containing variable numbers of cysteine-rich repeats. In contrast, the TNF ligand superfamily members (with the exception of LT-alpha) are type II membrane glycoproteins with limited homology to TNF (overall homologies: 20%) in the extracellul...