Crystallization of calcium carbonate, typically, progresses sequentially via metastabIc phases. Amorphous CaC03 (ACC) generally forms initially, both in vitro and in vivo, and is the precursor of the predominant anhydrous polymorphs (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite). [I-I3] A new picture of the crystallization of calcium carbonate is emerging, which involves transformations of clusters to ACC ...

This paper reports on the outcomes of applying the notions provided by the reconstructed proto-theory of design, based on Aristotle’s remarks, to the parameter analysis method of conceptual design. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What further clarification and explanation to the approach of parameter analysis is provided by the proto-theory? (2) Which conclusions can be drawn from the...

We have studied the capture of planetesimals in Trojan-type orbits by a growing proto-planet. The change of the gravity field due to the mass growth causes a significant fraction of planetesimals orbiting nearby to be trapped as Trojans of the proto-planet. After a planetesimal is captured on a Trojan-type orbit, the libration amplitude of its critical argument is consistently reduced by the fu...

The FGF-related proto-oncogene int-2 is implicated in mouse embryogenesis, since it is expressed in specific tissues during gastrulation and neurulation (Wilkinson et. al. 1988). Here, we describe the expression of this gene during subsequent fetal development, int-2 transcripts are restricted to Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and to regions of the developing retina containing early-stage dif...

We have fitted the HST images and the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of three proto-planetary nebulae (PPN) with a 2-D radiation transfer model. The geometric and mass loss properties of these PPN are also derived.

The cellular precursor of Harvey and Balb sarcoma virus, termed proto-ras, from certain tumors registers most frequently as an apparent cancer gene in the gene transfer assay with NIH 3T3 cells [1-4]. The viral ras gene is a dominant transforming gene that elicits all features of oncogenic transformation in a single step upon transfer into established and primary human and animal fibroblast cel...

Chekhov’s drama has retained its constant popularity throughout the twentieth century and first two decades of twenty-first an unbroken scenic history. In modern theater it performs several functions: 1) a literary basis for the-atrical action, carefully preserved by director (traditionalist approach); 2) kind material that can should be adapted, modernized, adjusted to urgent range acute probl...

Assembling non-biological materials (geomaterials) into a proto-organism constitutes a bridge between nonliving and living matter. In this article we present a simple step-by-step route to assemble a proto-organism. Many pictures have been proposed to describe this transition within the origins-of-life and artificial life communities, and more recently alternative pictures have been emerging fr...

We investigate the cross-talk between the two key components of tidal-torque theory, the inertia (I) and shear (T ) tensors, using a cosmological N -body simulation with thousands of well-resolved haloes. We find that the principal axes of I and T are strongly aligned, even though I characterizes the proto-halo locally while T is determined by the large-scale structure. Thus, the resultant gala...

Abstract From a linguistic standpoint, Proto-Japonic and Proto-Koreanic are assumed to have split off the Transeurasian languages in southern Manchuria. The idea that came earlier than chronological scheme means language first entered Korean Peninsula, from there spread Japanese archipelago at beginning of Yayoi period, around ninth century BC, while arrival Korea is associated with rolled rim ...