Several recent observational studies have shown organic carbon aerosols to be a significant source of absorption of solar radiation. The absorbing part of organic aerosols is referred to as “brown” carbon (BrC). Using a global chemical transport model and a radiative transfer model, we estimate for the first time the enhanced absorption of solar radiation due to BrC in a global model. The simul...

The wings of the swordtail butterfly Graphium sarpedon (the Common Bluebottle) have blue/green-colored patches that are covered on the underside by two types of scales: white and glass scales. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the white scales are classically structured: the upper lamina, with prominent ridges and large open windows, is well separated by trabeculae fro...

For ideal monads in Set (e. g. the finite list monad, the finite bag monad etc.) we have recently proved that every set generates a free iterative algebra. This gives rise to a new monad. We prove now that this monad is iterative in the sense of Calvin Elgot, in fact, this is the iterative reflection of the given ideal monad. This shows how to freely add unique solutions of recursive equations ...

We prove that each ideal of a locally formally equidimensional analytically un-ramiied Noetherian integral domain is the contraction of an ideal of a one-dimensional semilo-cal birational extension domain. We give an application to a problem concerning the primary decomposition of powers of ideals in Noetherian rings. It is shown in S2] that for each ideal I in a Noetherian commutative ring R t...

In this paper we describe the method which applied to successfully compute primary decomposition of a certain ideal coming from applications in combinatorial algebra and algebraic statistics regarding conditional independence statements with hidden variables. While our is based on algorithm for by Gianni, Trager Zacharias, were not able decompose using standard form that algorithm, nor any othe...

A taut ideal triangulation of a 3–manifold is a topological ideal triangulation with extra combinatorial structure: a choice of transverse orientation on each ideal 2–simplex, satisfying two simple conditions. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that taut ideal triangulations are very common, and that their behaviour is very similar to that of a taut foliation. For example, by studying norm...

Scale-free surfaces, such as cones, remain unchanged under a simultaneous expansion of all coordinates by the same factor. Probability density of a particle diffusing near such absorbing surface at large time approaches a simple form that incorporates power-law dependencies on time and distance from a special point, such as apex of the cone, which are characterized by a single exponent η. The s...

A common generalization is given of what are often referred to as the Weyl–von Neumann theorems of Voiculescu, Kasparov, Kirchberg, and, more recently, Lin. (These in turn extend a result of Brown, Douglas, and Fillmore.) More precisely, an intrinsic characterization is obtained of those extensions of one separable C∗-algebra by another—the first, i.e., the ideal, assumed to be stable, so that ...