A fundamental challenge to understanding patterns in ecological systems lies in employing methods that can analyse, test and draw inference from measured associations between variables across scales. Hierarchical linear models (HLM) use advanced estimation algorithms to measure regression relationships and variance-covariance parameters in hierarchically structured data. Although hierarchical m...

this study aims at comparing the performance of logistic regression, maximum entropy, and multilayer perceptron techniques in preparing the predictive habitat distribution map of amygdalus scoparia in rangelands of qom province. for this purpose, vegetation sampling was done using random systematic methods after identifying pure habitats of this species. for soil sampling, eight profiles were e...

As spatial ecology, biogeography, and landscape ecology progress we are increasingly aware of how spatial and temporal scale structure ecological patterns and affect ecological processes (Wiens 1989). Advances in these fields have come from studies of a variety of taxa, particularly plants and insects (With 1994, Ludwig and Tongway 1995, Wondzell et al. 1996, McIntyre and Wiens 1999, Östman and...

Percentage is widely used to describe different results in food microbiology, e.g., probability of microbial growth, percent inactivated, and percent of positive samples. Four sets of percentage data, percent-growth-positive, germination extent, probability for one cell to grow, and maximum fraction of positive tubes, were obtained from our own experiments and the literature. These data were mo...

empirical models are important tools for relating field-measured biophysical variables to remotely sensed data. regression analysis has been a popular empirical method of linking these two types of data to estimate variables such as biomass, percent vegetation canopy cover, and bare soil. this study was conducted in a semi-arid rangeland ecosystem of qazvin province, iran. this paper presents t...