in this study digital image correlation (dic) technique combined with a high speed video system was used to predict movement of particles in a water model. comparing with particle-image velocimetry (piv) technique, it provides a low cost alternative approach to visualize flow fields and was successfully employed to predict the movement of particles in a water model at different submergence dept...

abstract nowruzak (salvia leriifolia) of lamiaceae family has a good capability for domestication in khorasan’s natural habitats. in order to investigate the effect of sowing design and depth in seedling emergence and permanence, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design was performed with three replications. results indicated sowing design in all three parameters, sow...

Earthworms feed on organic matter present at the soil surface or within soil. Thus, its distribution in profile is likely to greatly influence earthworm behavior and, turn, their burrow system. To test this idea, two anecic and endogeic species were introduced into repacked cores (depth = 30 cm) upper half filled with a top containing 4% (0–15 lower deep 2% (15–30 cm). Earthworm was studied usi...

The application of pesticide is the best method to increase crops production yield. However it is also harmful to human health and the environment. The pesticides tested inthis study were Daconin, AntracolWP70 and Dithane M-45. They contain chlorothalonil, propined and mancozeb. A total of five soil samples were collected at 15 cm soil depth by systematic sampling.

Fig 1: Comparison of the depth dose profiles of proton and photon beams. The photon dose falls off exponentially with depth (green curve). A mono-energetic proton beam is characteriled by the presence of the Bragg peak in the region where the protons stop (red profile). Through the superposition (blue curve) of many proton beams of different residual range it is possible to deposit a homogenous...

Prechlorination is used as an initial step in water purification for public supply. One of the drawbacks of the prechlorination is the reaction between natural organic matters with chlorine forming trihalmethanes. This study aims at evaluating the performance of granular activated carbon (GAC) with sand as a dual filtering media with different depths on removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) for imp...

Snow on Antarctic sea ice plays a key role for sea ice physical processes and complicates retrieval of sea ice thickness using altimetry. Current methods of snow depth retrieval are based on satellite microwave radiometry, which perform best for dry, homogeneous snow packs on level sea ice. We introduce an alternative approach based on in-situ measurements of total (sea ice plus snow) freeboard...

The present study examines the effects of historic climate variability on cold-season processes, including soil temperature, frost depth, and the number of frost days and freeze–thaw cycles. Considering the importance of spatial and temporal variability in cold-season processes, the study was conducted in the midwestern United States using both observations and model simulations. Model simulati...

At radar frequencies below 2 GHz, the mismatch between the 5 to 15 cm sensing depth of classical time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe soil moisture measurements and the radar penetration depth can easily lead to unreliable in situ data. Accurate quantitative measurements of soil water contents at various depths by classical methods are cumbersome and usually highly invasive. We propose an impr...