Introduction Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) virus and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus are two of the major viral pathogens responsible for respiratory disease in cattle. These viral agents can be associated with pathology in the respiratory, immunologic, neurologic, hematologic, lymphatic, and reproductive organ systems (Grooms et al., 1998). Infections of cattle with BVD virus and/o...

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) and Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) are the most prevalent viral diseases that cause abortion in cattle. There many studies conducted Turkey to show occurrence of them. This paper aims analyse these systematically. For this purpose, 11 suitable were selected from 1995-2014 review. It was observed those high prevalence Turkey, BVD IBR ranged between 14 % - 81 43 -72...

Stress commonly associated with weaning, marketing, and shipment of feeder cattle can temporarily compromise immune function, thereby reducing the effective response to vaccination intended to control bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Two vaccination timing treatments were used to evaluate the effect of timing of a multivalent modified live virus (MLV) BRD vaccine on health, performance, and in...

OBJECTIVE Women with breast cancer face threats to body image following surgery. Nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (NSM + IBR) may minimise body image disturbance as this preserves the woman's skin and areola complex. We assessed levels of body image disturbance and psychological distress in women undergoing NSM + IBR. To further understand the body image-distress r...

objects offer resolution independence over a wide range of scales. With this approach, object boundaries remain sharp when we zoom in on an object until very close range, where faceting appears due to finite polygon size (see Figure 1). However, constructing polygon models for complex, real-world objects can be difficult. Imagebased rendering (IBR), a complementary approach for representing and...

Image-based rendering (IBR) is one of the most promising techniques for photorealistic image synthesis. However, the naive IBR framework has some drawbacks, including restrictions on viewing direction, and difficulties in managing illumination change or object deformation. In this paper, we present a new IBR method capable of composing images of deformable objects from arbitrary view points, an...

BACKGROUND The significance of internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) encountered during dissection of internal mammary vessels (IMVs) for microvascular free flap breast reconstruction (FFBR) remains uncertain. We report our experience with the opportunistic harvest of IMLNs during FFBR. Therapeutic implications and patient outcomes are explored. METHODS All IMV anastomoses for delayed (DBR) or...

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) that causes considerable economic losses to the dairy and beef industry. This report describes the results of two surveys in which prevalence of serum antibodies against BHV-1 in Galicia (NW Spain) was determined. The first was performed on the entire cattle population of the ...