introduction: orexin-a and b (hypocretin 1 and 2) are neuropeptides that are mostly expressed in the posterior and lateral hypothalamus (lh). intracisternal (icv) and intratechal (it) injections of orexin-a (hypocretin-1) have been shown to elicit analgesic responses in formalin test. however, the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been clearly elucidated. orexin...

This paper demonstrates the framework and methodology how weed population dynamics can be predicted using rule-base fuzzy logic as applied to GIS spatial image. Parthenium weed (parthenium hysterophorus L.) infestation in the Central Queensland region poses a serious threat to the environment and economic viability of the infected areas. Government agencies have taken steps to control and manag...

Climate change elements including elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and soil salinity significantly impact weed biology management. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a highly invasive plant species, parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) grown at various levels (ranging from 0 to 16 dS m−1) two CO2 concentrations (ambient: 400 ppm elevated: 700 ppm). The ind...

135 ABSTRACT: Heavy metals and dyes are major contributors in contamination of water streams. These contaminants enter into our ecosystem, thus posing a significant threat to public health, ecological equilibrium and environment. Thus a combined discharge of these contaminants results in water pollution with high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, color, particulate matter, suspe...

<p>Vegetables are consequently experiencing great yield losses due to weed infestation. Weed management is extremely important for sustainable crop production in all cropping systems. This review paper aimed provide general information and alternative recommendations the of <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em> by chemicals, adjuvants plant extracts okra. Different strategies have...

In recent decades allelopathy has gained much attention in the sustainable agricultural systems. It is necessary to trace out the mechanism of action of allelochemicals of plants on other plants. Allelochemicals of different plants interact differently with each other. In the present context an attempt has been made to study the influence of allelochemicals released by Parthenium on the growth,...

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an internationally important invasive native to the tropical and sub-tropical Americas, in more than 30 countries. This has serious adverse influences on rangeland agricultural crop production, human animal health, biodiversity of natural communities. leaf litter can reduce seedling emergence affect early growth a wide range pasture species. Soil...