Agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are colocalized in arcuate nucleus (arcuate) neurons implicated in the regulation of energy balance. Both AgRP and NPY stimulate food intake when administered into the third ventricle and are up-regulated in states of negative energy balance. However, mice with targeted deletion of either NPY or AgRP or both do not have major alterations in...

Gene expression for agouti-related protein (AGRP), an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors, has been localized to the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, where it colocalizes with neuropeptide Y (NPY). Having reported that the NPY innervation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) originates primarily from NPY-producing neurons in the arcuate nucl...

introduction: gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (gnih) and agouti-related peptide (agrp) are orexigenic peptides expressed in the arcuate nucleus (arc) of the hypothalamus in the ewe. in addition, effects of gnih and agrp on the regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion have been shown in some mammals. the objective of the present study was to investigate the coexpression of gnih and...

OBJECTIVES Phytocannabinoids, such as THC and endocannabinoids, are well known to promote feeding behavior and to control energy metabolism through cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R). However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Generally, cannabinoid-conducted retrograde dis-inhibition of hunger-promoting neurons has been suggested to promote food intake, but so far it has not...

Introduction: Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) are orexigenic peptides expressed in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus in the ewe. In addition, effects of GnIH and AgRP on the regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion have been shown in some mammals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the coexpression of GnIH ...

Figure 1: Regulation of food intake by negative valence and positive valence appetitive systems, visceral aversive pathways, and the relationship with homeostatic deficit. Negative valence appetitive systems (e.g., AGRP neurons) are under homeostatic control, but AGRP neurons are rapidly inhibited by cues that predict food, thus consumption is associated with the positive valence system. Positi...

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus contains at least two populations of neurons that continuously monitor signals reflecting energy status and promote the appropriate behavioral and metabolic responses to changes in energy demand. Activation of neurons making pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of G protein-coupled melanocor...

Metabolic fuels act on hypothalamic neurons to regulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, but the signaling mechanisms mediating these effects are not fully clear. Rats placed on a low-protein diet (10% of calories) exhibited increased food intake (P < 0.05) and hypothalamic Agouti-related protein (Agrp) gene expression (P = 0.002). Direct intracerebroventricular injection of either an a...