Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injected into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) of anesthetized rats produces a large, prolonged stimulation of ventilatory output (C. L. Cream, A. Li, and E. E. Nattie. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 792-799, 1997). Here we inject or dialyze TRH into the RTN of conscious rats. In 6 of 17 injections (200 nl, 3.1 +/- 1.7 mM), ventilation (VE) increased 31% by 10 min, wi...

Low frequency noise is getting increasing attention as dimensions scale down. Ths study of LFN is important because of its appearance as a fundamental limit for scaling, its impact on RF and analog applications but most importantly it can serve as a diagnostic tool for quality and reliability of MOSFETs. The interface between the dielectric and channel is not ideal. Further as newer materials a...

The experiences of local authorities (LAs) with facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries are reported isolation. Resultantly, there is no consolidated and comparative analysis the above. While impact neo-liberalism capitalism on agencies (IFAs) such as LAs recognised literature (Kuswanto, Hoen, & Holzhacker, 2017; Minh, 2019), an empirical gap exists demonstratin...

Delivering low-carbon heat will require the substitution of natural gas with alternatives such as electricity and hydrogen. The objective this paper is to develop a method soft-link two advanced, investment-optimising energy system models, RTN (Resource-Technology Network) WeSIM (Whole-electricity System Investment Model), in order assess cost-efficient decarbonisation pathways for UK while uti...

CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTION refers to detection of CO2/pH within the brain and the subsequent reflex effects on breathing. It involves multiple sites within the hindbrain (9, 12, 19) as focal acidification in vivo uniquely at these sites stimulates breathing, indicating detection and chemoreflex initiation. This Viewpoint is not all inclusive but focuses on recent reports of substantial decreases in...

Precise neural inhibition in thalamocortical circuits is required for the generation of sleep spindles and suppression of hypersynchrony associated with epileptiform activity. Accordingly, the time course of GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSC events is an important parameter influencing the strength of inhibitory signaling. In the thalamus, two distinct types of IPSC kinetics are observed: thalamoc...

Reticulon (RTN) genes code for a family of proteins relatively recently described in higher vertebrates. The four known mammalian paralogues (RTN1, -2, -3, and -4/Nogo) have homologous carboxyl termini with two characteristic large hydrophobic regions. Except for RTN4-A/Nogo-A, thought to be an inhibitor for neurite outgrowth, restricting the regenerative capabilities of the mammalian CNS after...

The key role of the respiratory neural center is respiratory rhythm generation to maintain homeostasis through the control of arterial blood pCO2/pH and pO2 levels. The neuronal network responsible for respiratory rhythm generation in neonatal rat resides in the ventral side of the medulla and is composed of two groups; the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) and the pre-Bötzinger complex group...

Under anesthesia, inactivation of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) region markedly inhibits breathing and chemoreception. In conscious rats, we dialyzed muscimol for 30 min to inhibit neurons of the RTN region reversibly. Dialysis of artificial cerebrospinal fluid had no effect. Muscimol (1 or 10 mM) significantly decreased tidal volume (VT) (by 16-17%) within 15 min. VT remained decreased for ...

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is considered as the visual gateway to the visual cortex (VC) and sends collaterals to the thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN) that in turn receives collaterals of the corticofugal feedback projections. At all levels of this thalamocortical circuit there are GABAergic neurons expressing the calcium-buffer parvalbumin (PV). The present study reports for ...