In this study we compared a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rapid test (Snap CLATK Canine Leishmania Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX-Snap) with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot (WB) for the detection of Leishmania infantum antibodies in dogs. In total sera from 234 dogs were collected: 59 positives and 51 doubtful sera (IFA 1:40-1:80) from an L. infantum en...

SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag protein labeling systems enable the specific, covalent attachment of molecules, including fluorescent dyes, to a protein of interest in live cells. These systems offer a broad selection of fluorescent substrates optimized for a range of imaging instrumentation. Once cloned and expressed, the tagged protein can be used with a variety of substrates for numerous downstream ap...

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) block neurotransmitter release through their specific proteolysis of the proteins responsible for vesicle exocytosis. Paradoxically, two serotypes of BoNTs, A and E, cleave the same molecule, synaptosome-associated protein with relative molecular mass 25K (SNAP-25), and yet they cause synaptic blockade with very different properties. Here we compared the action of ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between score for neonatal acute physiology II (SNAP II) applied within 12 hours from the onset of severe sepsis, and death and persistent organ dysfunction (OD). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Level III neonatal intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS Neonates with severe sepsis. INTERVENTION SNAP II was applied within the first 12 hours fr...

Regulated exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells requires the formation of a stable soluble N-ethylmaleimidesensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex consisting of synaptobrevin-2/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), and syntaxin 1. This complex is subsequently disassembled by the concerted action of -SNAP and the ...

Increased release of insulin is usually regarded as a symptom of metabolic syndrome, contributing to insulin resistance in peripheral organs thus affecting glucose and insulin homeostasis. The existing animal models to address the metabolic syndrome are currently not optimal. In neuronal, neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, stimulus-dependent membrane fusion occurs via the SNARE complex, formed...

Pulsatile flow is widespread in nature, but replicating such impulsive periodic pumping routines with traditional rotary actuators complex and energetically inefficient. We demonstrate the feasibility of an actuator capable generating displacement by exploiting bistable equilibrium a simple mechanism. These kind mechanisms, commonly known as snap-through offer benefit sudden release elastic ene...

SNAP® 4Dx® (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME) is a commercially available in-office test kit for the simultaneous detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis in blood, plasma, or serum of dogs. The test kit is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses the synthetic peptide C6 derived from the IR6 region wi...