With the recent rapid revival of the GLONASS constellation, it is possible for the GLONASS system to provide Full Operational Capability (FOC) service before the end of 2011. CDMA signals are now additionally modulated onto the first GLONASS-K satellite which was launched on February 26, 2011. It is envisaged that GNSS users will benefit from more visible satellites, better precision and higher...

Abstract This paper presents and reviews the main existing open specifications for PPP/PPP-RTK services, including satellite navigation providers (QZSS, Galileo, BeiDou, GLONASS) other industrial or scientific initiatives (RTCM, SAP-CORDA, 3GPP, IGS). To structure comparison, we adapted services to well-known OSI model defined them according their properties in communication layers. We...

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are membrane-based sensors that enable rapid communication between cells and their environment. Evidence is now emerging that interdependent regulatory mechanisms, such as membrane trafficking, ubiquitination, proteolysis and gene expression, have substantial effects on RTK signal transduction and cellular responses. Different RTKs exhibit both basal and ligand-...

During the last decade the technique of CORS-based Network RTK has been proven capable of providing cm-level positioning accuracy for rovers receiving GNSS correction data from the CORS network. The technique relies on successful integer carrier-phase ambiguity resolution at both network and user level: at the level of the CORS network, ambiguity resolution is a prerequisite in order to determi...

Therapies inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are effective against some human cancers when they lead to simultaneous downregulation of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling. However, mutant KRAS has the capacity to directly activate ERK and PI3K signaling, and this is thought to underlie the resistance of KRAS mutant cancers to RTK inhibitors. Here, we have elucidated the molecular regulation...

In the classic RTK method using a single reference station the rover needs to work within a short range from the reference station due to the spatial decorrelation of distance-dependent errors induced by the ionosphere, troposphere and orbital errors. The operating range of RTK positioning is thus dependent on the existing atmospheric conditions and is usually limited to a distance of up to 10-...

Current fast and reliable Internet services provide many advantages for worldwide GNSS users. Development of techniques using the Internet for streaming RTK/DGPS corrections allows mobile users to achieve high-accuracy positioning over both short and long baselines. Applications like GNSS Internet Radio are used for distributing raw GPS data and real-time corrections of GPS observations via RTC...

Although bladder cancer (BC) was the cancer from which the first human oncogene, RAS, was identified, questions persisted over the past 35 years as to whether RAS activation in urothelium was tumorigenic [1]. This was due in large part to the relatively low frequency (~15%) and lack of grade and stage association of RAS mutations in human BC [2]. However, the tide is turning recently in favor o...

GPS technology, in particular real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS, has matured to the stage where it has become another tool for the professional surveyor. Commercial products offer user-friendly hardware/software and suggest techniques that can improve productivity at a high accuracy. Government services such as SCIMS in NSW and AUSPOS (Geoscience Australia) support improved GPS positioning and surv...

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by secreted growth factors regulates cell proliferation and cell fate determination in many different cellular and developmental contexts. Despite such widespread functions, RTK signalling involves a common cytoplasmic cascade including Ras, and the serine-threonine kinases Raf, MAPKK/MEK and MAPK. Thus, a central issue is how activation of the sam...