Degrees of freedom (DOF) refer to the number of free parameters in a model that need to be independently controlled for generating intended output. In this paper, we discuss how DOF is a critical issue not only for computational modeling, but also for theoretical understanding of prosody. The relevance of DOF is examined from the perspective of the motor control of articulatory movements, the a...

Fractal scaling relations are found in repeated measurements of voluntary human behavior (e.g., time estimation, visual search, word naming). These fractal scaling relations suggest that the variation in the observed behavior is scale-free with small-scale and large-scale variations sharing the same structure. Researchers have proposed a conceptual control parameter that may account for reliabl...

INTRODUCTION In classic mechanics, degrees of freedom (DOF) are defined as the minimum number of independent coordinates needed to describe a system’s position. The human musculoskeletal system has many mechanical DOF through which countless movements are accomplished. However, natural movements are characterized by the coordination of the DOF such that few vary independently. The concept of fu...

A multi-DOF ultrasonic motor developed by the authors is capable of generating multi-DOF rotation of a spherical rotor using three orthogonal natural vibrations of a bar-shaped stator. The ultrasonic motor is suitable for making small, light weight and simple multi-DOF motion unit. In the present paper, a control methodology for the multi-DOF ultrasonic motor is proposed and a motion control te...

The degrees of freedom (DoF) of the two-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) broadcast channel (BC) are studied under the assumption that the form, Ii, i = 1, 2, of the channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) for each user’s channel can be either perfect (P ), delayed (D) or not available (N), i.e., I1, I2 ∈ {P,N,D}, and therefore the overall CSIT can alternate between the 9 res...

Interference alignment (IA) has emerged as a promising technique for the interference channel that guarantees a constant degree-of-freedom (DoF) gain for each user. Although successive interference cancellation (SIC) is known to achieve the sum capacity of the MAC channel, the DoF allocation to the users depends on the decoding order, e.g., the first few users get zero DoF, while the last users...

We show that an M × N user MIMO X network with A antennas at each node has A ( MN M+N−1 ) degrees of freedom (DoF), thus resolving in this case a discrepancy between the spatial scale invariance conjecture (scaling the number of antennas at each node by a constant factor will scale the total DoF by the same factor) and a decomposability property of over-constrained wireless networks. While the ...