Internal climate variability at the centennial time scale is investigated using long control integrations from three state-of-the-art global coupled general circulation models. In the absence of external forcing, all three models produce centennial variability in the mean zonal sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) gradients in the equatorial Pacific with counterparts in th...

captures the maximum possible range of changes in surface temperature and precipitation for three continental-scale regions. We find that, of the CMIP5 GCMs with 6-hourly fields available, three simulate the key regional aspects of climate sufficiently poorly that we consider the projections from those models ‘implausible’ (MIROC-ESM, MIROCESM-CHEM, and IPSL-CM5B-LR). From the remaining models,...

The impacts of climate change on groundwater are poorly constrained, particularly in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa where global circulation models (GCMs) project different directions precipitation change. Moreover, the timing when can be differentiated from natural variability has not been quantified. Here, for first time, we estimate time emergence (ToE) levels, using series eight sites a...

هدف اصلی این پژوهش ارائه چارچوبی برای ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت بهره‌­برداری قطار شهری مشهد بر مبنای کارت امتیازی متوازن و تکنیک تصمیم‌­گیری چندمعیاره (بهترین ـ بدترین فازی) است. حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی روش، کمّی اسنادی جمع‌­آوری داده‌های کیفی اساس 15 خبره در طی مقطع زمانی بین سال­‌های 1396 تا 1398 صورت پذیرفت. 9 معیار منظر مالی، 16 مشتریان، 8 فرایند داخلی 14 رشد توسعه یادگیری طریق اسناد پژوهش­‌های پ...

This study presents an assessment of projection and uncertainty drought characteristics (frequency DF, area Da) using three indices (Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI; Standardized Precipitation SPI; Evapotranspiration SPEI) in the humid subtropical Pearl River basin southern China during period 2021–2050. The is based on 13 CMIP5 general circulation models (GCMs) under Representative Concent...

The goal of this study is to evaluate annual and seasonal inflow from the Volga catchment area Caspian Sea during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM ~21,000 years ago) using paleoclimate modeling data. first approach based on LGM simulation by general circulation models (GCMs) in framework Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) Coupled (CMIP6). We used four GCMs: INM-CM4-8, MIROC-ES2L, A...

Shortwave (SW) cloud feedback (SWFB) is the primary driver of uncertainty in effective climate sensitivity (ECS) predicted by global models (GCMs). ECS for several GCMs participating sixth assessment report exceed 5K, above fifth “likely” maximum (4.5K) due to extratropical SWFB's that are more positive than those simulated previous generation GCMs. Here we show across 57 Southern Ocean SWFB ca...

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of the CMIP6 global circulation models (GCMs) varies from 1.83 {\deg}C to 5.67 {\deg}C. Herein, 38 GCMs are grouped into three ECS classes (low, 1.80-3.00 {\deg}C; medium, 3.01-4.50 high, 4.51-6.00 {\deg}C) and compared against ERA5-T2m records 1980-1990 2011-2021. We found that all with > 3.0 overestimate observed surface warming spatial t-statistics r...