Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80 kDa iron-binding glycoprotein with multifunctional properties and useful for clinical and commercial applications. Currently, Lf has some advantages including, immune system modulation, antibacterial activity and as antioxidant in infant and adult of human as well as animal health. In the present study, antibacterial activity of Lf has been scrutinized after isolation ...

This paper provides an overview of the treatment of technological change in economic models of environmental policy. Numerous economic modeling studies have confirmed the sensitivity of midand long-run climate change mitigation cost and benefit projections to assumptions about technology costs. In general, technical progress is considered to be a noneconomic, exogenous variable in global climat...

This paper focusses on survey expectations and discusses their uses for testing and modeling of expectations. Alternative models of expectations formation are reviewed and the importance of allowing for heterogeneity of expectations is emphasized. A weak form of the rational expectations hypothesis which focusses on average expectations rather than individual expectations is advanced. Other mod...

The development of high frequency data bases allows for empirical investigations of a wide range of issues in the financial markets. In this paper, we set out some of the many important issues connected with the use, analysis, and application of high-frequency data sets. These include the effects of market structure on the availability and interpretation of the data, methodological issues such ...

We determined whether distracting the observer's attention from an adapting stimulus could decrease the motion after-effect. Unlike previous studies we used a relatively bias-free 2AFC procedure to measure the strength of adaptation. The strength of motion adaptation was measured by the effects of a moving grating on the contrast discrimination (T vs. C) function for gratings moving in the same...

In this paper we develop a dynamic discrete-time bivariate probit model, in which the conditions for Granger non-causality can be represented and tested. The conditions for simultaneous independence are also worked out. The model is extended in order to allow for covariates, representing individual as well as time heterogeneity. The proposed model can be estimated by Maximum Likelihood. Granger...

Viewpoint: Estimating the Causal Effects of Policies and Programs* Estimation, inference and interpretation of the causal effects of programs and policies have all advanced dramatically over the past 25 years. We highlight three particularly important intellectual trends: an improved appreciation of the substantive importance of heterogeneous responses and of their methodological implications, ...