As Christians and Muslims encountered each other in the Middle East from beginning of Islam 7th century CE onward, theology was not only a field setting boundaries to distinguish one’s own community but also an area mutual influence between communities. This article analyzes two letters Syriac patriarch Timothy I (d. 823), both which have apologetic agenda at same time demonstrate Timothy’s...

–Opioids have been found to modulate the function of the immune system by regulating the biochemical and proliferative properties of its cellular components. The interaction of opioid and immune systems, however, is not unidirectional, but rather, bidirectional in nature. In the CNS, one cellular target of immune system activation is the astrocytes, glial cells known to synthesize proenkephalin...

Spin-dependent scattering is considered to be the origin of giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers, although the role of bulk or interface defects is still under discussion. We present calculations of spin-dependent impurity scattering potentials as a function of the impurity position in a Co/Cu-multilayer. The calculations are performed within spin density functional theory using a Gr...

Letting {δn} be a refining sequence of Rademacher functions on the interval [0, T ], we introduce a functional on processes in the G-expectation space by d(K) = lim sup n Ê[ ∫ T 0 δn(s)dKs]. We prove that d(K) > 0 if Kt = ∫ t 0 ηsd〈B〉s with nontrivial η ∈ M G(0, T ) and that d(K) = 0 if Kt = ∫ t 0 ηsds with η ∈ M G(0, T ). This implies the uniqueness of the representation for G-martingales with...

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) has a wealth of natural language processing (NLP) tools and resources. In comparison, resources for dialectal Arabic (DA), the unstandardized spoken varieties of Arabic, are still lacking. We present Elissa , a machine translation (MT) system from DA to MSA. Elissa (version 1.0) employs a rule-based approach that relies on morphological analysis, morphological trans...

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Ê The composer, as creative artist, is an interesting case for the study of computer usage. They typically work deliberately against the grain of convention, are renowned for persisting with awkward and tedious tasks, and produce works not so much with the intent of stabilising data or a situation but, instead, structuring sound to perturb or surprise the recipients expectations to some degree....