in great achaemenian empire different writings and languages have been used in diverse areas of the achaemenian dominion for doing administrative-economic activities in administrative system. persepolis fortification archive in the empire’s center, belonging to the 13 to 28 years of darius the great’ reign, can be distinguished as the greatest and most important achaemenid multilingual administ...

The Ottoman political tradition is a system composed of Islam, old Turkish, Byzantinian and Iranian traditions. At the center arena sultan, who to ensure social justice. society consisted four elements that were expected complement each other; military group, men science pen, traders, manufacturers. tax basis classification. payer called flock (reaya). Ahilik (Brotherhood) guilds are located at...

shah ismail established a dynasty in iran on the premises of nationality and religion. to establish national unity in iran, he announced shia as the official religion. his goal was to strengthen iranian national bonds. the presence of uzbeks in the east and ottomans in the west made it necessary that iranian people reinforce their feeling of patriotism and love for they homeland. shah ismail be...

This report has looked at important cultural dimensions of a wide range of factors that impact multinational military operations. A number of issues, however, do not fall neatly within the parameters of the other chapters. This chapter will examine some of these topics under the general heading of “societal factors.” In particular, this chapter will explore the extent to which societal factors,...

To visualize the structure of Iranian chemistry scientific publications in SciSearch, 43 Iranian and International chemists were identified. They were the highly cited scientists in 7682 Iranian chemistry publications (defined as an article with at least one Iranian author address) indexed in Science Citation Index during the period from 1990 to 2006. Co-citation data for these authors from the...