Reuse of partially treated domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a growing practice in arid regions throughout the world. A field sampling campaign to determine bioaerosol concentration, culturability, and identity at various wind speeds was conducted at a flooded wastewater irrigation site in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. Direct fluorescent microscopy measurements for total a...

As the world’s power supply to a very larger degree based on wind turbines, it is consequently and increasingly essential that these are as reliable and available as possible. The main objective of the most of the wind energy systems is to extract the maximum power obtainable in the wind stream. However, the wind regime changes continuously and thus to follow these variations, the system contro...

We illustrate some fundamental alterations of the solar wind – magnetosphere interaction that occur during low Mach number solar wind. We first show that low Mach number solar wind conditions are often characteristic of coronal mass ejections (CME), and magnetic clouds in particular. We then illustrate the pivotal role of the magnetosheath. This comes from the fact that low Mach number solar wi...

As electricity markets undergo restructuring, it is becoming apparent that the responsibility for providing power and the ancillary services associated with power generation is being allocated to different entities. Former electric utilities enter spot markets and sign power-delivery contracts, and generating companies bid or otherwise offer electricity for sale. Operating units, such as Region...

A model of the atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) is realized in the thermally stratified wind tunnel of the Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Karlsruhe. Further experimental results from this model are presented. The wind tunnel with a test section 10 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 1.5 m high allows one to generate a quasi-stationary, horizontally evolving CBL, charac...

We have analyzed long-term wind speed time series from five field sites up to a height of 300 m from the ground. Structure function-based scaling analysis has revealed that the scaling exponents in the mesoscale regime systematically depend on height. This anomalous behavior is likely caused by the buoyancy effects. In the framework of the extended self-similarity, the relative scaling exponent...

This study utilizes the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation radar (PR), lightning imaging sensor (LIS), and passive microwave imager (TMI) data together with ground-based lightning data to investigate the vertical structure, lightning, and rainfall characteristics of Amazonian and subtropical South American convection for three separate wet seasons. These characte...

The western Pacific warm pool experiences the greatest rainfall of any oceanic region on earth. While the SST is everywhere high over the warm pool, there is great spatial and temporal variability in rainfall. Sounding data from the recent TOGA COARE are used to document this variability. In particular, the vertical distributions of heating and moistening at different phases of the 30–60 day or...

Observations of turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture from low-level aircraft data are presented. Fluxes are calculated using the eddy covariance technique from flight legs typically ∼40 m above the sea surface. Over 400 runs of 2 min (∼12 km) from 26 flights are evaluated. Flight legs are mainly from around the British Isles although a small number are from around Iceland and Norway....

We present hydrodynamical simulations, using a 2-D two fluid model, of bow shocks in a representative regime for pulsar wind driven bow-shock nebulae. We also investigate the behaviour of a passive toroidal magnetic field wounded around the pulsar velocity direction. Moreover we estimate the opacity of the bow-shock to penetration of ISM neutral hydrogen. Finally we compare these numerical resu...