Crowding refers to the phenomenon in which nearby distractors impede target processing. This effect is reduced as target-distractor distance increases, and it is eliminated entirely at a distance that is labeled the critical spacing point. Attention, distractor preview, and popout are each known to facilitate processing in crowded displays. Eight experiments examined whether this is accomplishe...

Expertise in recognizing facial identity, and, in particular, sensitivity to subtle differences in the spacing among facial features, improves into adolescence. To assess the influence of experience, we tested adults and 8-year-olds with faces differing only in the spacing of facial features. Stimuli were human adult, human 8-year-old, and monkey faces. We show that adults' expertise is shaped ...

The generation of droplets at low Reynolds numbers is driven by nonlinear dynamics that give rise to complex patterns concerning both the droplet-to-droplet spacing and the individual droplet sizes. Here we demonstrate an experimental system in which a time-varying energy landscape provides a periodic magnetic force that generates an array of droplets from an immiscible mixture of ferrofluid an...

Four-year-olds were tested for their ability to use differences in the spacing among features to recognize familiar faces. They were given a storybook depicting multiple views of 2 children. They returned to the laboratory 2 weeks later and used a "magic wand" to play a computer game that tested their ability to recognize the familiarized faces and their own face based on the spacing of feature...

This paper proposes SSM(Sensor Steering Mechanism) for lateral guided vehicle with rear wheel steering mechanism. Authors demonstrated the geometry of SSM for the front wheel steer type and the reverse phase four-wheel steer type one. SSM presents a stable lateral guiding performance for automated vehicle which follows a straight and curved path created by guideway. The other hand, SSM is not e...

One of the main components of pavement management system (PMS) is pavement evaluation. Several indices have been defined for the evaluation of existing pavement. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a common index used for pavement evaluation. In order to calculate PCI, a significant volume of condition data -based on distress surveying- is required. The objective of this research is to reduce...

If multiple opportunities are available to review to-be-learned material, should a review occur soon after initial study and recur at progressively expanding intervals, or should the reviews occur at equal intervals? Landauer and Bjork (1978) argued for the superiority of expanding intervals, whereas more recent research has often failed to find any advantage. However, these prior studies have ...

We study the level spacing distribution for the spectrum of a point scatterer on a flat torus. In the two-dimensional case, we show that in the weak coupling regime, the eigenvalue spacing distribution coincides with that of the spectrum of the Laplacian (ignoring multiplicities), by showing that the perturbed eigenvalues generically clump with the unperturbed ones on the scale of the mean leve...

In this paper we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the k-th smallest uniform spacing. Among other things, a complete characterization of upper and lower class sequences is obtained. The asymptotic behavior is similar in many respects to that of the minimum of independent uniformly distributed random variables. Let X1 , . . . ,X , be independent identically distributed uniform (0, 1) random...