Wax synthases are membrane-associated enzymes catalysing the esterification reaction between fatty acyl-CoA and a long chain fatty alcohol. In living organisms, wax esters function as storage materials or provide protection against harmful environmental influences. In industry, they are used as ingredients for the production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently the biologica...

Wax esters are neutral lipids composed of aliphatic alcohols and acids, with both moieties usually long-chain (C16 and C18) or very-long-chain (C20 and longer) carbon structures. They have diverse biological functions in bacteria, insects, mammals, and terrestrial plants and are also important substrates for a variety of industrial applications. In plants, wax esters are mostly found in the cut...

Standard melting point analyses only partially describe the thermal properties of eusocial beeswaxes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that thermal phase changes in wax are initiated at substantially lower temperatures than visually observed melting points. Instead of a sharp, single endothermic peak at the published melting point of 64 degrees C, DSC analysis of Apis mellifera ...

The extent to which leaf water D-enrichment (transpiration) and soil water D-enrichment (evaporation) affect the D/H ratio of plant leaf waxes remains a contentious issue, with important implications for paleohydrologic reconstructions. In this study we measure dD values of precipitation (dDp), groundwater (dDgw), plant xylem water (dDxw) and leaf water (dDlw) to understand their impact on the ...

Plants produce wax and other extracellular lipids on the epidermis, as part of the pollen exine, but produce triacylglycerol (TAG) intracellularly in seeds such as soybean (Glycine max), and in fruits such as avocado (Persea americana). By contrast, the fruit of Bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica), a North American shrub, accumulates wax like no other fruit (figure), producing an external layer of w...

Mammals are known to utilize wax esters with an efficiency of less than 50%. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), which at times may eat considerable amounts of wax-ester-rich krill, represent an exception to this general pattern. Samples of fresh undigested forestomach, as well as colon, contents were obtained from minke whal...

OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate the tissue surface adaption of a maxillary complete denture wax pattern produced by CAD and 3DP. METHODS A standard edentulous maxilla plaster cast model was used, for which a wax pattern of complete denture was designed using CAD software developed in our previous study and printed using a 3D wax printer, while another wax pattern was manufactured by the ...

BACKGROUND Wax in ear canal causes a sizeable burden on resources of health services to a country. AIM The magnitude of impacted wax, its effect in a survey and cost of managing this problem were reviewed in 2002. SETTINGS AND DESIGNS A study was conducted during 1996 to estimate the magnitude and causes of hearing impairment and ear diseases in Oman. The authors further reviewed the data o...

The oil content of the wax produced in a dewaxing process is the key economic parameter that should be reduced as much as possible. Some factors such as the type of solvents, cooling rate, temperature, and solvent to oil ratio influence the dewaxing process. Due to the fact that crude oil differs from place to place and since the operational conditions for wax extraction vary for different type...

in order to evaluate the effect of terminal water deficit stress on leaf traits and their relations to grain yield in different barley genotypes (‘yousof’, ‘fajr30’, ‘nosrat’, ‘pbyt-46’, ‘pbyt-97’ and ‘morocco’), two separated experiments were conducted in stress (water withholding from anthesis towards the end of growing season), and non stress (normal irrigation) conditions based on rcbd with...