Pathogenic parasites including helminths and protozoa are responsible for foodborne diseases in developed developing countries. Reports of waterborne protozoan infections very rare. Food zoonotic their transmission stages listed this review it is aimed to give brief information about the food-borne protozoa.

background : the protozoan parasites cryptosporidium spp. and giardia are known to occur widely in both raw and drinking waters. they are two of the causative agents of waterborne out-breaks of gastroenteritis throughout the world. in the present study, a pcr assay and fa were developed for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cyst in environmental samples. methods : we have detecte...

In moderately hard Lake Ontario water (approximately 140 mg L(-1) as CaCO3) waterborne Ni (9.7-10.7 mg Ni L(-1)) is acutely toxic to adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exclusively via branchial mechanisms. Ventilation in resting trout (evaluated using a ventilatory masking technique) was adversely affected, as ventilation rate (VR), ventilation volume (VG), opercular stroke volume (VSV) ...

Adult rainbow trout were pre-exposed to a sublethal concentration of waterborne cadmium (Cd, 26.7 nmol/l) or waterborne zinc (Zn, 2294 nmol/l) for 30 days to induce acclimation. A single dose of radiolabeled Cd (64.4 nmol/kg) or Zn (183.8 nmol/kg) was injected into the vascular system of non-acclimated and Cd- or Zn-acclimated trout through indwelling arterial catheters. Subsequently, repetitiv...