Diseases related to poor water and sanitation conditions have over 200 million cases reported annually, causing 5–10 million deaths world-wide. Water quality monitoring has thus become essential to the supply of clean and safe water. Conventional monitoring processes involve manual collection of samples from various points in the distribution network, followed by laboratory testing and analysis...

background: this study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in qom city during the summer of 2012. methods: this was a cross-sectional study. the studied scopes consisted of groundwater (60 wells), reservoirs (10 tanks), and water distribution network (33 points). one sample was taken from each source monthly. stat...

Cities are hubs of human activity; the everyday actions of myriad households, businesses, and industries located within a city’s geopolitical boundary. Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cities is confounded by the relatively small spatial scale of cities compared with the large-scale engineered infrastructures in which they are embedded; that is, the electricity grid, tra...

Public water supply networks in Portugal do not have, in general terms, management and monitoring systems, either at the level of quality or at the level functioning of the hydraulic system itself (pressures, speeds, water leaks and losses, among others). In order for any management system to function, it is obviously necessary that its physical features are known, which does not occur in most ...

supply chain network   receding horizon control demand move suppression term   supply chain networks are interconnection and dynamics of a demand network. example subsystems, referred to as stages, include raw materials, distributors of the raw materials, manufacturers, distributors of the manufactured products, retailers, and customers. the main objectives of the control strategy for the suppl...

Control of drinking water networks is an arduous task given their size and the presence of uncertainty in water demand. It is necessary to impose different constraints for ensuring a reliable water supply in the most economic and safe ways. To cope with uncertainty in system disturbances due to the stochastic water demand/consumption, and optimize operational costs, this paper proposes three st...

Sensor and actor networks are used to monitor and control pipeline infrastructures. This paper discusses and compares different sensor and actor network architectures for water, gas, and oil pipeline infrastructures monitoring. These architectures are wired networks, wireless networks, separated wired and wireless networks, and integrated wired and wireless networks. The paper also discusses th...

Today, information networks play an important role in supply chain management. Therefore, in this article, clustering-based routing protocols, which are one of the most important ways to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, are used to optimize the supply chain informational cloud network. Accordingly, first, a clustering protocol is presented using self-organizing map neu...

Pricing policies play an important role in water demand management and its optimal allocation. Determining proper water price leads to optimal allocation of water especially in agricultural consumptions. Applying new subsidy targeting law in Iran which insists on pricing water based on its supply cost, will effects considerably on water resource management in agriculture sector. So, in this stu...

Today, information networks play an important role in supply chain management. Therefore, in this article, clustering-based routing protocols, which are one of the most important ways to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, are used to optimize the supply chain informational cloud network. Accordingly, first, a clustering protocol is presented using self-organizing map neu...