As a management tool for addressing water consumption issues, footprints have become increasingly utilized on scales ranging from global to personal. A question posed by this paper is whether water footprint data that are routinely compiled for particular regions may be used to assess the effectiveness of actions taken by local residents to conserve local water resources. The current California...

As insufficient access to clean water is expected to become worse in the near future, water purification is becoming increasingly important. Membrane filtration is the most promising technologies to produce clean water from contaminated water. Although there have been many studies to prepare highly water-permeable carbon-based membranes by utilizing frictionless water flow inside the carbonaceo...

forward osmosis (fo) has recently drawn attention as a promising membrane based method for seawater and brackish water desalination. in this study, we focus on the use of calciun chloride (cacl2) and potassium bicarbonate (khco3) as inorganic salt draw solution candidates due to their appropriate performance in water flux and reverse salt diffusion as well as reasonable cost. the experiments we...

Water vapor content in the atmosphere is very significant for atmospheric correction of optical remote sensing data. Nowadays, the common atmospheric correction models use a single value of the average water vapor content of the study area to perform atmospheric correction. As the distribution of water vapor content varies greatly with time and space, it is obviously inaccurate to represent the...

Over the preceding years and to date, the definitive mode of human infection by Helicobacter pylori has remained largely unknown and has thus gained the interest of researchers around the world. Numerous studies investigated possible sources of transmission of this emerging carcinogenic pathogen that colonizes >50% of humans, in many of which contaminated water is mentioned as a major cause. Th...

There are several methodological problems related to evaluating the impact that improved water supply, sanitation and health education projects have on public health. Fifteen studies of intervention programmes, one by the present authors, are discussed. Since non-intervention studies of water supply are difficult to assess, a valid study design must include an intervention programme, even thoug...

For this deployment, our primary result was columnar water vapor (CWV) obtained from continuous solar transmittance measurements in the 0.94-micron band. In addition, we simultaneously measured aerosol optical depth (AOD) at λ = 380, 450, 525, 864, and 1020 nm. During the intensive operational period (IOP), preliminary results of CWV and AOD were displayed in real time. The result files were ma...