Farmers often buy water using fixed fees—rather than with marginal prices. We use two randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh to study the relationship between prices, adoption of a water-saving technology, and usage. Our first experiment shows that technology only saves when farmers face second finds an encouragement voluntarily convert hourly pumping charges does not save water. Taken toge...

background: corrosivity is one of the factors affecting the water quality. not controlling the chemical quality of water in the distribution network causes corrosion, sedimentation and economical and health damages. the aim of this study was to determine the drinking water corrosivity and sediment of kuhdasht, iran by using the corrosivity index. methods: in this study, 12 predetermined areas l...

This chapter studies structural and reduced-form credit risk models under incomplete information using techniques from stochastic filtering. We start with a brief introduction to stochastic filtering. Next we cover the pricing of corporate securities (debt and equity) in structural models under partial information. Furthermore we study the construction of a dynamic reduced-form credit risk mode...

We study the effect of pricing on the secrecy capacity of multi-terminal networks. We propose a linear and a non-linear pricing function for user terminals and present mathematical formulations to maximize the individual secrecy capacity of each transmitter-receiver pair as well as the sum secrecy capacity of the system. We show that these pricing models result in better energy efficiency and a...

The pricing kernel puzzle concerns the locally increasing empirical pricing kernel, which is inconsistent with a risk-averse representative investor in a single period, single state variable setting. Some recent papers worry that the puzzle is caused simply by the mismatch of backward looking subjective and forward looking risk-neutral distributions of index returns. By using a novel test and f...

We estimate the parameters of pricing kernels that depend on both aggregate wealth and state variables that describe the investment opportunity set, using FTSE 100 and S&P 500 index option returns as the returns to be priced. The coefficients of the state variables are highly significant and remarkably consistent across specifications of the pricing kernel, and across the two markets. The resul...

Given the strategic remarkable rank of pistachio in non-oil exports, inputs’ management in its production is so important. As the scarcest input in agricultural sector, water is considered to be among the most important inputs of pistachio production.Water inadequate supply and limate conditions increase water demand in pistachio growing areas. It is necessary to determine the real value or pri...