A solar water heater (SWH) converts radiation into thermal energy for various purposes, and its technology has experienced numerous developments. Many studies have focused on developing, optimizing, analyzing the technological configurations of SWH to improve efficiency, but they rarely achieve 80% efficiency. This review aims provide a broad overview SWH, including energetic exergetic approach...

Scald burns to the feet and lower extremities in children are described in the literature as often resulting from forced immersions. This report illustrates 3 cases of burns whose distribution and historical factors identify them as accidental. The location of these accidental burns is similar to those found in inflicted injury, but the patterns were indicative of flowing water burns, not force...

Evacuated tube solar water heaters are gaining more attention in the present market scenario as compared to conventional collectors. Such collectors versatile because no tracking is required and operating temperature range also broad. Comparatively, it cost-effective may attain higher thermal efficiency. However, like other collectors, continuous energy supply sometimes hampered by intermittent...

The present study extends the range of flow patterns observed during boiling of water in a single minichannel of height 197 μm and width 1054 μm. The calculated hydraulic diameter of the channel is 333 μm. High-speed photography is used to obtain video images of the flow field. The top covers of the channels are made of Lexan to permit visual observation, while the minichannel is machined in a ...

Natural convection heat transfer from a tube bundle in the indirect water bath heaters is investigated. A computer-code is used for the solution of the governing equations of mass, momentum and energy transfer based on the SIMPLE-C algorithm. Simulations are carried out for the gas pressure station heater of Kermanshah city with various tube bundle arrangements. In order to validate the numeric...