The development of vascular calcification is an active, highly regulated process with similarities to bone formation. Osteocalcin (OC), a vitamin K-dependent protein expressed by osteoblasts, contains 3  -carboxyglutamic acid residues derived from the vitamin K-dependent posttranslational modification of glutamic acid residues. Circulating undercarboxylated OC (ucOC) is increased in vitamin K ...

Vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) catalyses the reduction of vitamin K and its 2,3-epoxide essential to sustain γ-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Two different phenotypes are associated with mutations in human VKORC1. The majority of mutations cause resistance to 4-hydroxycoumarin- and indandione-based vitamin K antagonists (VKA) used in the prevention an...

Rats given a low-fibre diet based on boiled white rice developed symptoms of severe vitamin K deficiency within 23 d. Inclusion of autoclaved black-eye beans (Vigna unguiculata) in the diet prevented the bleeding syndrome. To test the hypothesis that deficiency resulted from low phylloquinone intake exacerbated by inadequate production of menaquinones by the enteric bacteria, a follow-up experi...

since early works on isolation and characterization of vitamin d by elmer verner mccollum and edward mellanby in 1900s, this molecule still seems mysterious (1-2). after several decades since discovery of the miraculous effect of cod liver oil in treatment of nutritional rickets, escalating number of reports provide a huge body of evidence for various effects of vitamin d on human body (3). the...

Obesity is one of the health problems in the developing and developed countries. Obesity subjects the individuals with metabolic and endocrine disorders. It is obvious that vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, obesity increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency. Considering the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents w...

background vitamin d deficiency is believed to cause variety of abnormalities such as liver stiffness and fibrosis. it is also shown that vitamin d deficiency may result in chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis. in this study, we aimed to systematically review the literature wherein the relationship between vitamin d deficiency and the severity of chronic liver disease or liver cirrhosis had...

Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of proteins belonging to the Gla-protein family. To the members of this family belong four blood coagulation factors, which all are exclusively formed in the liver. The importance of vitamin K for hemostasis is demonstrated from the fact that vitamin K-deficiency is an acute, life-threatening condition due to excessive bleeding. Other members of the Gla-...