This paper studies the target visitation arc routing problem on an undirected graph. combines well-known rural postman and linear ordering problem. In this problem, there is a set of required edges partitioned into targets, which must be traversed are pairwise preferences for order in some targets serviced, generates revenue if preference satisfied. The aim to find tour that traverses all at le...

Nature-based tourism can generate important revenue to support conservation of biodiversity. However, constant exposure to tourists and subsequent chronic activation of stress responses can produce pathological effects, including impaired cognition, growth, reproduction, and immunity in the same animals we are interested in protecting. Utilizing fecal samples (N = 53) from 2 wild habituated ora...

Anti-predator responses by ungulates can be based on habitat features or on the near-imminent threat of predators. In dense forest, cues that ungulates use to assess predation risk likely differ from half-open landscapes, as scent relative to sight is predicted to be more important. We studied, in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland), whether perceived predation risk in red deer (Cervus elap...