The effects of temperature, salinity and clay particles on the inactivation and decay of the cold-active Bacteriophage 9A, isolated from particle-rich Arctic seawater, were examined using a plating technique to evaluate infectivity (inactivation) and epifluorescence microscopy to measure phage concentrations (decay). Phage 9A was rapidly inactivated over a temperature test range of 25 to 55°C i...

UNLABELLED Adenovirus is the most prevalent enteric virus in waters worldwide due to its environmental stability, which leads to public health concerns. Mitigation strategies are therefore required. The aim of this study was to assess the inactivation of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) by gamma radiation in aqueous environments. Various substrates with different organic loads, including domest...

Viral replication efficiency is in large part governed by the ability of viruses to counteract pro-apoptotic signals induced by infection of the host cell. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) uses several strategies to block the host's innate antiviral defenses via interference with interferon and apoptotic signaling. Contributors include the four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs 1-4), which ...

To mitigate the spread of a viral disease, it is crucial to understand factors that influence airborne virus transmission. However, micro-environment which exposed in expiratory aerosol particles highly complex. The relative humidity, particle size and composition, air composition affect infectivity by modulating salt organic concentrations within particle, as well phase state. A parameter has ...

To evaluate and understand inactivation of HRV under many physical conditions and chemical agents, HRV86 were selected to expose with temperature, ultraviolet light (UV), Sodium hypochlorite, Virkon S, Peracetic acid (PAA), Glutaraldehyde and Ethanolin, respectively. The inactivation of HRV was analyzed by infectivity of the viral strains on the HeLa cells. Our research found the rhinovirus was...

Functional analysis of the roles of the nuclear receptor response elements (NRREs) in the transcription and replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the context of its whole genome has been hampered by the extensive overlapping of the NRREs with the regions encoding viral proteins. We introduced point mutations that inactivate the NRREs individually without altering the open reading frames of ...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers. The inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages by photosensitization has been applied with success since the first decades of the last century. Due to the fact that mammalian viruses are known to pose a threat to public health and that bacteriophages are frequently used as m...

Aerosolized viruses were passed through a high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) cell. This cell consisted of a long cylindrical aluminum tube [diameter, 7 in. (17.7 cm); length, 36 in. (91.4 cm)] with a highly reflective inner surface and a longitudinally extending helical baffle system which directed airborne particles in close proximity to a centrally located UV lamp. After having been passed throu...

Human plasma-derived protein concentrates intended for clinical use must be treated for viral inactivation to ensure patient safety. This study explored the use of liquid iodine for inactivation of several lipid- and nonlipid-enveloped viruses in an antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate. Iodine at levels of 0.01% to 0.02% caused between 43% and 94% loss of AT-III activity, as well as degradatio...