Reliable location routing problem considers a location problem and a vehicle routing problem in order to select the optimal location of facilities and at the same time the optimal routes for vehicles considering the unexpected failure for facilities in which, all facilities may fail with a probability. In this paper, a bi-objective mathematical model has been developed to minimize the total cos...

We consider the statistics of the impedance Z of a chaotic microwave cavity coupled to a single port. We remove the non-universal effects of the coupling from the experimental Z data using the radiation impedance obtained directly from the experiments. We thus obtain the normalized impedance whose probability density function is predicted to be universal in that it depends only on the loss (qua...

Electrode contact impedance is a crucial factor in physiological measurements and can be an accuracy-limiting factor when performing electroencephalography and electrical impedance tomography. In this work, standard flat electrodes and micromachined multipoint spiked electrodes are characterized with a finite-element method electromagnetic solver and the dependence of the contact impedance on g...

Electrical impedance tomography is a new technology giving us lung imaging that may allow lung function to be monitored at the bedside. Several applications have been studied to guide mechanical ventilation at the bedside with electrical impedance tomography. Positive end-expiratory pressure trials guided by electrical impedance tomography are relevant in terms of recruited volume or homogeneit...

In many acoustic simulations, particularly when using lumped parameter models or electrical analog circuits, the acoustic impedance of a component needs to be determined accurately. A widely used acoustic impedance measurement method is the ”two microphone transfer function method”, which is standardized in ISO-10534-2. When the acoustic impedance is needed over a wide frequency band with a hig...

A general impedance synthesizer using a minimum number of switching converters is studied in this paper. We begin with showing that any impedance can be synthesized by a circuit consisting of only two simple power converters, one storage element (e.g., capacitor), and one dissipative element (e.g., resistor) or power source. The implementation of such a circuit for synthesizing any desired impe...

We propose a kind of anisotropic gradient-index (GRIN) metamaterials, which can be used to control differently-polarized waves independently. We show that two three- dimensional (3D) planar lenses made of such anisotropic GRIN metamaterials are able to make arbitrary beam deflections for the vertical (or horizontal) polarization but have no response to the horizontal (or vertical) polarization....

Regional cerebral blood flow and blood volume changes that occur during human brain activity will change the local impedance of that cortical area, as blood has a lower impedance than that of brain. Theoretically, such impedance changes could be measured from scalp electrodes and reconstructed into images of the internal impedance of the head. Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a newly de...

A novel circularly polarized antenna with a circular radiating aperture and circular ground plane for broadband characteristics is presented in this paper. The vertical and horizontal components of the L-shaped probe are separated and placed at the front and back sides of the substrate. The antenna is excited by a microstrip line which is connected to the vertical component of the L-shaped prob...