Frankia spp. are filamentous actinomycetes that fix N2 in culture and in actinorhizal root nodules. In combined nitrogen-depleted aerobic environments, nitrogenase is restricted to thick-walled spherical structures, Frankia vesicles, that are formed on short stalks along the vegetative hyphae. The activities of the NH4(+)-assimilating enzymes (glutamine synthetase [GS], glutamate synthase, glut...

Three different hydrophobins (Vmh1, Vmh2, and Vmh3) were isolated from monokaryotic and dikaryotic vegetative cultures of the edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Their corresponding genes have a number of introns different from those of other P. ostreatus hydrophobins previously described. Two genes (vmh1 and vmh2) were expressed only at the vegetative stage, whereas vmh3 expression was also fou...

The degree of inactivation by UV irradiation was different between vegetative cells and spores of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge composting at 60 degrees C. By using this property, a method to estimate the spore ratio of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores was presented. This UV irradiation method was applied to the estimation of the spore ratio of sewage sludge compost samples colle...

In determining whether to impose restrictions on abortion many cultures took into account the age of the fetus. The most influential scholar of ancient times, Aristotle (ca. 350 BC) developed a gestational time line that proved remarkably durable. Aristotle believed embryos pass through three distinct stages: 1) the nutritive/vegetative stage, characteristic of plants; 2) the sensitive stage, c...

Dysentery amebae may live for 72 hours in vitro. The transition of the large vegetative forms into the cyst may be observed in vitro. The large vegetative ameba always passes into an intermediate stage before assuming the small vegetative form. The atypical forms are dysentery amebas with abnormal nuclei and cytoplasm. When circumstances are unfavorable encystment takes place. Under favorable c...

An unknown substance found in bacteria (Escherichia coli) is especially effective in attracting the vegetative amoebae of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. However, the aggregating amoebae are not attracted to it at all. On the other hand, the vegetative amoebae show very little chemotactic response to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), whereas the aggregating amoebae...

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein present in all eukaryotes. Cellular functions of TCTP include growth promoting, allergic response and responses to various cellular stresses, but the functions in filamentous fungi have not been reported. In this report, we characterized an Aspergillus nidulans TCTP (TcpA) with high similari...

Single ascospore isolates of Cordyceps bassiana were observed for their colony pigmentation on Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus Yeast Extract (SDAY) plates and were inoculated in a brown rice medium for production of fruiting bodies. Colony pigmentation did not show any relationship with perithecial stromata formation. The isolates were also grown on opposite sides of SDAY agar plates and were obse...

The response of RIMI [imazethapyr-tolerant (T)] sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid and the local imazethapyr-sensitive hybrid "Zoltan" (S) was investigated under controlled conditions. Hybrids grown in pots were treated post-emergence with imazethapyr at the two pairs of leaves stage. Visual injury evaluation and vegetative parameters were recorded. ALS (acetolactate synthase) enzyme activ...