In this article, a novel and accurate scheme for fault detection, classification and fault distance estimation for a fixed series compensated transmission line is proposed. The proposed scheme is based on artificial neural network (ANN) and metal oxide varistor (MOV) energy, employing Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. The novelty of this scheme is the use of MOV energy signals of fixed se...

Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are a type of resistor with significantly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics commonly used in power lines to protect against overvoltages. If a proper recycling plan is developed MOVs can be an excellent source of secondary zinc because they contain over 90 weight percent zinc oxide. The oxides of antimony, bismuth, and to a lesser degree cobalt, manganese, a...

The full-bridge submodules (FB-SMs) in hybrid modular multilevel converters need to absorb the enormous energy stored dc side and arm inductors during fault blocking, which may lead severe overvoltage. An energy-absorbing branch (EAB) composed of metal oxide varistor (MOV) thyristors is proposed this letter. No extra power loss produced by EAB normal operation. can a part reduce absorbed FB-SMs...

The development of DC grids faces challenges from fault protection. conventional circuit breaker (DCCB) employs metal-oxide varistor (MOV) to isolate the faulted line, in which isolation process is coupled with energy dissipation process. In this study, a clamping type DCCB (CTCB) uses internal capacitors clamp converter voltage proposed. Thanks proposed configuration, and are decoupled, result...