The greater wing of the human sphenoid bone is pierced by several foramina, which contain, as a main element, the venous anastomoses between the interior of the skull and the extracranial veins. Since data concerning these foramina are scarce in the literature, studies comprising the frequency of occurrence and morphology of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone were under...

BACKGROUND To date all researchers conclude that the etiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. On the contrary, since August 2009, we believe that disease is of ischemic origin in the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. MATERIAL AND METHOD We present our surgical experience into 45 patients with ALS (bulbar form in 36 cases and spinal form in 9). Preoperative MRI sc...

The incidence of vertigo in the population is 20% to 30% and one-fourth of the cases are related to central causes. The aim of this study was to evaluate computed tomography angiography (CTA) findings of the vertebrobasilar system in central vertigo without stroke.CTA and magnetic resonance images of patients with vertigo were retrospectively evaluated. One hundred twenty-nine patients suspecte...

The modular organization of cortical pathways linking visual area 4 (V4) with occipital visual area 2 (V2) and inferotemporal posterior inferotemporal ventral area (PITv) was investigated through an analysis of the patterns of retrogradely labeled cell bodies after injections of tracers into V4 and PITv. Although cytochrome oxidase or other stains have failed to yield reliable independent anato...

We placed injections of 3-5 distinguishable tracers in different dorsolateral locations in the visual cortex of four macaque monkeys to help define the extent of the dorsolateral visual complex (DL) commonly known as area V4. Injections well within DL/V4 region labeled neurons in V2, V3, MT, IT, and sometimes V1. In contrast, injections in caudal area 7a dorsal to current descriptions of DL/V4 ...

In addition to the major anatomical pathways from V1 into the temporal lobe, there are other smaller, "bypass" routes that are poorly understood. To investigate the direct projection from V1 to V4 (bypassing V2) and from V2 to TEO (bypassing V4), we injected the foveal and parafoveal representations of V4 and TEO with different retrograde tracers in five hemispheres of four macaques and analyze...

We investigated the MR imaging appearance of flowing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain in the presence of obstructive lesions of the ventricular pathways. The pulsatile movement of CSF through the ventricular system is seen as an area of low signal intensity that has been termed the CSF flow-void sign (CFVS). This is best appreciated in areas of narrowing within the ventricular system; tha...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The diagnostic yield of vertebrobasilar transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography (US) is often hampered by insufficient acoustic penetration, anatomic variations, and vessel tortousity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of echo enhancement on vertebrobasilar transcranial color-coded duplex US. METHODS In 23 consecutive patients (mean age, 61.0 ...

Descriptive skull anatomy and morphological variations occurring in its important foramina have a profound effect on the development of modern neurosurgery. Variations in skull foramina usually occur in the form of duplication, multiplication and partial or complete absence. This case report describes two extremely rare foramen variations occurring simultaneously in a dry human skull; presence ...