Nucleotide positions in the hypervariable V4 and V9 regions of the small subunit (SSU)-rDNA locus are normally difficult to align and are usually removed before standard phylogenetic analyses. Yet, with next-generation sequencing data, amplicons of these regions are all that are available to answer ecological and evolutionary questions that rely on phylogenetic inferences. With ciliates, we ask...

Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies indicate that during the preparation of saccades, visual processing at the target location is facilitated automatically by the deployment of attention. It has been assumed that the neural mechanisms involved in presaccadic shifts of attention are purely spatial in nature. Saccade preparation modulates the visual responses of neurons within extrastri...

Inferotemporal (IT) neurons in monkeys can respond to visual stimuli in a translation-and scale-invariant manner. In a neural circuit model based on a recently reported form of gain modulation by attention in area V4, the modulated visual responses of model V4 neurons produce object-centered receptive elds further down the visual processing stream, accounting for invariances exhibited by IT neu...

23 24 The mid-level visual cortical area V4 in the primate is thought to be critical for the neural 25 representation of visual shape. Several studies agree that V4 neurons respond to 26 contour features, e.g., convexities and concavities along a shape boundary, that are 27 more complex than the oriented segments encoded by neurons in the primary visual 28 cortex. Here we compare two distinct a...

When objects are viewed in different illuminants, their color does not change or changes little in spite of significant changes in the wavelength composition of the light reflected from them. In previous studies, we have addressed the physiology underlying this color constancy by recording from cells in areas V1, V2, and V4 of the anesthetized monkey. Truly color-coded cells, ones that respond ...

235 In Old World primates such as macaque monkeys and humans, visual information about color is processed in anatomically segregated columns, layers, channels or areas. It is important to know to what extent color is processed in separate versus convergent visual information pathways, because the added dimension of color is so rich in visual information. For example, we can discriminate about f...

BHI agars supplemented with vancomycin 4 (BHI-V4) and 3 (BHI-V3) mg/liter have been proposed for screening vancomycin intermediately susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heteroresistant (hVISA) phenotypes, respectively, but growth interpretation criteria have not been established. We reviewed the growth results (CFU) during population analysis profile-area under the curve (PAP-AUC) of c...

The aim of this study was to assess the pooled and individual response of male swimmers over two consecutive years of training and identify the energetic and biomechanical factors that most contributed for the final performance. Nine competitive swimmers (20.0 ± 3.54 years old; 10.1 ± 3.41 years of training experience; 1.79 ± 0.07 m of height; 71.34 ± 8.78 kg of body mass; 22.35 ± 2.02 kg·m(-2)...