The intensive use of pesticides and insecticides has become a regular practice in order to meet the rising food demands fast-expanding human population. Although these chemicals are always used against specific targets (pests/insects etc.) plants animals, they also encounter non-target (harmless/useful) animals thus negatively influence surroundings. In present study, individual combined impact...

this review article investigates a comprehensive description of the factors, methods, strategies, approaches and prerequisites influencing in vitro micropaopagation and the amount of their use across the world. the findings presented here are the results of the study of several hundred papers published all over the world. tissue culture techniques are routinely used for micropropagation. enhanc...

Evolution has perfected very different six-legged walking machines from common neural and biomechanical components in an ancestral insect, as exemplified by the American cockroach and the stick insect. Comparative experimental investigations of both intact animals and reduced neural preparations, integrated with mathematical modeling, have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of ins...

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow for the development of many useful applications in vector and pest control for both medical and agricultural entomology. Given this, the last sixty years have seen many research efforts devoted to this task. To date, however, none of this resea...

Dot-blot hybridization with cloned genomic DNA labeled with photobiotin as a probe is used to detect Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in dried mosquitoes. The assay is sensitive enough to detect 2 pg Plasmodium parasite DNA, or one infected mosquito in a pool of 40 insects using DNA extraction samples, or one infected mosquito in a pool of 25 insects without DNA extraction. A single mosquito s...

Interactions among individuals in social groups lead to the emergence of collective behaviour at large scales by means of multiplicative non-linear effects. Group foraging, nest building and task allocation are just some well-known examples present in social insects. However the precise mechanisms at the individual level that trigger and amplify social phenomena are not fully understood. Here w...

Phenolic esters have attracted considerable interest due to the potential they offer for peroxidase catalysed cross-linking of cell wall polysaccharides. Particularly, feruloyl residues undergo radical coupling reactions that result in cross-linking (intra-/intermolecular) between polysaccharides, between polysaccharides and lignin and, between polysaccharides and proteins. This review addresse...

We report here a method for studying phase transitions in cuticular lipids of insects. This technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), is more sensitive than previous biophysical methods and is applicable to either lipid extracts or lipids in situ (in cast skins or intact wings). We used FTIR to compare biophysical properties of cuticular lipids in different regions of individua...

Densovirus is classified as invertebrate virus belonging to the subfamily Densovirinae of Parvoviridae family. This group of viruses infects only insects and several densoviruses have been isolated from indigenous mosquitoes and mosquito cell lines. A number of mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are important vectors of viruses, which are the major causes of dengue hemorrha...