This paper examines the interplay of policy options and cost-effective technology in providing sustainable distance education. A case study has been conducted among the learners and teachers. The emergence of learning technologies through CD, internet, and mobile is increasingly adopted by distance institutes for quick delivery and cost-effective factors. Their sustainability is conditioned by ...

The BE microbiome is a naturally embedded biosensor in urban infrastructure that can be used to monitor environmental quality and human activity. There are many potential opportunities for leveraging BE microbial communities to guide urban design and public health policy.

Nowadays, the expansion of the cities is an inevitable necessity; increasing the dependence of the citizens on motor vehicles and, consequently, making development of the transportation networks a necessity rather than an option. Thus, increasing car ownership and car use has created many problems for the cities, such as increasing greenhouse gas emissions, environmental pollution, casualties o...

Taking almost all cities in China(including Hong Kong and Macau) as the research object in the year 1990, 2000 and 2007, this article studies the urban spheres of influence by using gravity model. Based on overall grasp of the spatial pattern of Chinese urban spheres of influence, the spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations are paid close attention to. Urban agglomerations are national ...

the effects of omitting production subsidies from agricultural sector and the related industries in iran are explored in this paper. to simulate the effects of this policy, a computable general equilibrium (cge) model for iran economy was developed and the latest input- output table published in 2001 and the accompanying information regarding national accounts was used as database in the form o...

billing—Exploring Policy Options for a New Rural America—but in addition identifies the basis for a new framework for rural policy. Evidence that a new policy framework is needed is abundant (Stauber; Johnson and Martin). In one way or another, rural areas of North America and of most of the developed world have for at least the past century experienced secular decline compared to urban areas. ...

This paper elaborates the policy-centered research program proposed by Hacker and Pierson (2014) by exploring how policy-centered research contributes to an understanding of urban politics and how the urban subfield contributes to a policy-centered research program. Using a bilevel analysis of the drug war and local union organizing, we highlight the local consequences of national policies and ...