BACKGROUND We describe trends in childhood mortality in Kenya, paying attention to the urban-rural and intra-urban differentials. METHODS We use data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS) collected between 1993 and 2008 and the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) collected in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2010, to estimate infant mortality rat...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the cancer mortality rates in urban and rural residents in Lithuania. METHODS Cancer mortality has been studied using the materials of the Lithuanian cancer registry. For the period 1993-2004 age-standardized urban and rural population mortality rates (World standard) were calculated for all malignant neoplasm's and for stomach, ...

The physical identity in the urban areas can be considered as a concept which is influenced by the way of arranging the urban body. As a matter of fact, the appropriate coordination and the compatibility of physical components, such as the urban façades, can definitely facilitate the reorganization of the urban environment for being more identifiable; this issue is so obvious in the historical ...

as the collective settlement of the modern man, the city forms the physical background for the human life. the urban lifestyle involves a set of formal, multi dimensional relations, and the urban residents get in touch with the various components of this set in their everyday life. the process of the formation and transformation of the cities can affect the stages of the social identification o...

as it is commonly understood, urban neighborhoods play a significant role in developing urbansustainability as the smallest unit of city so that the formation and promotion of neighborhood identity, and focusingon social relationships would be in harmony with urban sustainability. it is believed that a dramatic change in spatialstructure of urban neighborhood include a decline in levels of poli...

During the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. Since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. In contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban an...

Urban bird communities exhibit high population densities and low species diversity, yet mechanisms behind these patterns remain largely untested. We present results from experimental studies of behavioral mechanisms underlying these patterns and provide a test of foraging theory applied to urban bird communities. We measured foraging decisions at artificial food patches to assess how urban habi...

A national nutritional anaemia-control programme in India, focusing on supplementation of iron to pregnant women after the first trimester of pregnancy, failed to make an impact. It is prudent to recommend the correction of iron stores before the woman becomes pregnant. 'Efficacy' of weekly supplementation of iron has been proved to improve iron stores in adolescence in many studies abroad and ...

The WHO's End TB Strategy aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% between 2015 and 2035. As the world rapidly urbanizes, more people could have access to better infrastructure and services to help combat poverty and infectious diseases, including TB. And yet large numbers of people now live in overcrowded slums, with poor access to urban health services, amplifying the burden of TB...

In recent years chaos theory has received a great deal of attention among social scientists. Chaos theory originated from turbulent-type of motions in physical systems, but recently its relevance has been explored successfully in economie and social sciences. After a brief overview of recent developments related to chaos theory in economie systems, our paper will present a chaotic model for urb...