The protein factor(s) in a fraction from the HeLa cell nuclear extract required for specific in vitro transcription can specifically bind to adenovirus 2 major late promoter (Ad 2 MLP) DNA. We demonstrate by in vitro footprinting assay that there are two asymmetric protected regions covering the TATA box and the nucleotides upstream from the TATA box. In the coding strand, the DNAse I protected...

Both the neutral protease gene (nprS) and its transcriptional activator gene (nprA) from Bacillus stearothermophilus TELNE were cloned in Bacillus subtilis by using pTB53 as a vector plasmid. The presence of the nprA gene enhanced protease synthesis by about fivefold. The nucleotide sequences of nprS and its flanking regions were determined. nprS was composed of 1,653 base pairs and 551 amino a...

The folC gene of Escherichia coli is cotranscribed with an upstream gene from two promoters located in the noncoding region 5' to the coding sequence of the upstream gene. Virtually all of the expression of the folC gene product, folylpolyglutamate synthetase-dihydrofolate synthetase, is therefore due to the upstream gene promoters. No promoter activity was found in the coding sequence of the u...

Alternative oxidase (AOX) is encoded in small multigene families in plants. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) alternative oxidase 1c (AtAOX1c) promoter, an AOX gene not induced by oxidative stress, indicated that regulation of expression was complex, with the upstream promoter region containing positive and negative response regions. Comparison to the promoter region...

The alc gene cluster of Bordetella pertussis includes three genes, alcA, alcB, and alcC, which are involved in alcaligin siderophore biosynthesis in response to iron starvation. The production of AlcA, AlcB, and AlcC in Bordetella cells and the transcriptional organization of alcA, alcB, and alcC were investigated by using a set of three alc'-'lacZ gene fusion constructs that were contiguous wi...

Technologies for storing, transmitting, and processing information have made astounding progress in dematerialization. The amount of physical mass needed to represent one bit of information has dramatically decreased in the last few years, and is still declining. However, information will always need a material basis. In this chapter, we address both the upstream (from mining to the product) an...

It is shown that collisionless shock waves can be driven in unmagnetized electron-positron plasmas by performing a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. At the shock transition region, strong magnetic fields are generated by a Weibel-like instability. The generated magnetic fields are strong enough to deflect the incoming particles from upstream of the shock at a large angle and provide ...

The addition of exogenous histones has an inhibitory effect on fibroin gene transcription in posterior silk gland extracts. The histones probably disturb a process in complex formation, because when transcription complexes were constructed by preincubation of the templates with the extracts, the inhibitory effect of histones was greatly reduced. Transcription of a fibroin gene construct, pFb5' ...

Transcriptional regulation is a key mechanism in the functioning of the cell, and is mostly effected through transcription factors binding to specific recognition motifs located upstream of the coding region of the regulated gene. The computational identification of such motifs is made easier by the fact that they often appear several times in the upstream region of the regulated genes. In this...

The genomic organization of the human protocadherin alpha, beta, and gamma gene clusters (designated Pcdh alpha [gene symbol PCDHA], Pcdh beta [PCDHB], and Pcdh gamma [PCDHG]) is remarkably similar to that of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. The extracellular and transmembrane domains of each protocadherin protein are encoded by an unusually large "variable" region exon, while the intr...