Microalgae have attracted significant attention for biofuel production and transcription factors that can effectively regulate lipid accumulation in higher plants. In this study we expressed the factor LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana Chlorella sorokiniana. The relative electron transport rate (rel.ETR) of C. sorokiniana-AtLEC2 improved significantly under high-intensity light. As a ...

Objective(s): Silibinin, as an herbal compound, has anti-cancer activity. Because of low solubility of silibinin in water and body fluids, it was encapsulated in polymersome nanoparticles and its effects were evaluated on pancreatic cancer cells and cancer stem cells.Materials and Methods: MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells were treated ...

Background Neoplastic adenomatous polyps generating from the epithelial cells are considered benign tumors. Adenomatous polyps are common in western countries and it can take seven to 10 or more years for an adenoma to evolve into cancer.  The Hippo signaling pathway, also known as the Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway, is a signaling pathway that controls organ size in animals through the r...

The RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5 detect virus infection of dendritic cells (DCs) leading to cytokine induction. Maximal sensitivity for virus detection by these helicases is obtained after their upregulation, which is thought to occur primarily through type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Here we demonstrate that in response to paramyxovirus infection, RIG-I upregulation requires type I IFN where...

Upregulation of the Kir2.1 channel during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in t-BBEC117, an immortalized bovine brain endothelial cell line, caused a sustained increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and a facilitation of cell death. Expressions of Ca(2+) influx channels (TRPC, Orai1, STIM1) were unchanged by ER stress. The ER stress-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was mainly att...

background and aim: micro rnas are a group of small non-coding rnas which play an important role in multiple processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer. recent studies indicate that mir-210 is overexpressed into erythroid linage during the differentiation of hematopoietic precursor. the main goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of mir-210 on the...

introduction: repetitive cortical spreading depression (csd) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several csd-related neurological disorders. yet, whether repetitive csd itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. inducing repetitive csd in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo,...

Mature neotropical lowland forests have relatively lower symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) rates compared with secondary forests. Canopy gap formation may create transient SNF hotspots in mature that increase overall these ecosystems, as canopy gaps are pervasive across the landscape and increasing frequency. However, what environmental conditions driving upregulation is unknown. In a field exp...

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin found in grains and cereal-based foods worldwide, impairs weight gain in experimental animals but the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. Oral exposure to DON induces rapid and transient upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse. The latter are known to induce several suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), some of ...

During platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-mediated recruitment to neovascular sprouts, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) dedifferentiate from a contractile to a migratory phenotype. This involves the downregulation of contractile markers such as smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin and the upregulation of promigration genes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. The regulation of MMP-2 in...