Intellectual Property rights are valuable trading assets in regional and global economic regulation debates, and in particular in World Trade Organisation negotiations. Since the TRIPs agreement merely refers to a limited number of Intellectual Property categories, the scope of obligations in relation to the national and most favoured nation treatment principles is increasingly obscured. The re...

Trade connects us all. Beyond the exchange of goods and services, trade has for millennia facilitated coming together different peoples cultures sharing knowledge ideas. inspired innovation, research, development. But also been complicit in past atrocities, modern system global could be making new mistakes.

The Fair Trading Amendment Act 2021 introduced a New Zealand prohibition on "unconscionable conduct" in trade. Previously, the law unconscionable conduct was found equitable doctrine of bargain. This article describes how has moved away from unconscionability with this new prohibition. critically analyses some legal, social and economic justifications for introducing prohibition, finding that M...

By means of local loop unbundling (LLU), the incumbent operator opens the access network connecting the customer to the central office to other operators. Other licensed operators (OLO) will use this possibility to provide customers their services. The price of the LLU-offer is set by a regulator, aiming to allow fair competition in a monopolistic market. This is typically fixed at the lowest p...

This Note argues that, while the Pricing Regulation is a positive step in the development of a common market within the EEC, it is protectionist in its approach to developing nations. Part I analyzes the complaint against Hyundai in the context of the international shipping industry. Part II examines the EEC’s conflicting policy goals in adopting the Pricing Regulation. Part III discusses the d...

WWI significantly influenced the development of private and trade law. The regulation economic law institutions came up as a necessity. To protect consumers’interests, state interfered with affairs regulated sharking procedures, unfair competition cartel By taking European results into account, organisations were introduced by Cartel Act; most important them was Court. This paper shows steps an...