rules Associations Conscious knowledge Unconscious knowledge Where is implicit learning? 49 ➊ The role of consciousness:  Is cognition without consciousness possible? In what sense? ➋ Knowledge representation:  How is abstract knowledge represented? Two central issues Abstract rules Associations Conscious knowledge explicit learning Unconscious knowledgerules Associations Conscious knowledge ...

The concept of the unconscious plays a fundamental part in many psychological systems, although as its very name indicates it is defined more by what it is not than by what it is. And yet, the unconscious as a systematic concept is not synonymous with the non-conscious. Rather does the existence of an unconscious presuppose the existence, potential or actual, of a conscious. The movements of a ...

So wrote Friedrich Nietzsche in 1873, as part of his ironic response to the success of the Philosophy of the Unconscious (Philosophie des Unbewussten, 1869), written by the Berlin philosopher Eduard von Hartmann. If the influence of a concept can be gauged by the way in which it is received by the public at large, if not in academic circles, then Hartmann’s volume, which ran to some eleven edit...

Whether information perceived without awareness can affect overt performance, and whether such effects can cross sensory modalities, remains a matter of debate. Whereas influence of unconscious visual information on auditory perception has been documented, the reverse influence has not been reported. In addition, previous reports of unconscious cross-modal priming relied on procedures in which ...

Recent developments in computer science introduce and discuss new concepts for computation beyond universal Turing machines. Quantum computing relates to new insights in quantum physics as interference and entanglement based on nonlocality. Several ideas about a new kind of field are presented and discussed. Human unconscious can be interpreted as tapping in these fields for resonating and spre...

This article is a theoretical proposal to use the Internet to explore Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious. Recent findings in the field of sociology have shown that real-life social networks can have strong unconscious effects on the behavior of individuals comprising a group. Such complex interactions have led to the need for a new conception of the collective unconscious, one that in...

An experiment explored the acquisition of conscious and unconscious knowledge of semantic prosody in a second language under incidental and intentional learning conditions. Semantic prosody is the conotational coloring of the semantics of a word, largely uncaptured by dictionary definitions. Contrary to some claims in the literature, we revealed that both conscious and unconscious knowledge wer...

Visual stimuli (primes) presented too briefly to be consciously identified can nevertheless affect responses to subsequent stimuli - an instance of unconscious cognition. There is a lively debate as to whether such priming effects originate from unconscious semantic processing of the primes or from reactivation of learned motor responses that conscious stimuli afford during preceding practice. ...

Many studies have revealed the top-down modulation (spatial attention, attentional load, etc.) on unconscious processing. However, there is little research about how category-selective attention could modulate the unconscious processing. In the present study, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the results showed that category-selective attention modulated unconscious face/tool ...

The present study applies a new method for investigating dynamic unconscious processes. The method consists of (1) selection of words from patient interview and test protocols that in the clinicians’ judgments capture the patients’ conscious symptom experience (i.e., phobia) and the hypothetical unconscious conflict related to the symptom, (2) subliminal and supraliminal presentation of these w...