The notch signaling pathway is highly conserved and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Constitutive activation of notch signaling results in excessive cellular proliferation and a wide range of malignan-cies. However, notch can also act as a tumor suppressor, and its inactivation has been associated with an increased risk of spont...

While many factors explain the colour of fleshy fruits, it is thought that black and red fruits are common in part because frugivorous birds prefer these colours. We examined this still controversial hypothesis at a tropical Asian field site, using artificial fruits, fresh fruits, four wild-caught resident frugivorous bird species, and hand-raised naïve birds from three of the same species. We ...

Behavioural tests of the magnetic compass of birds and corresponding immunohistological studies on the activation of retinal cryptochrome 1a, the putative receptor molecule, showed oriented behaviour and activated Cry1a under 373 nm UV, 424 nm blue, 502 nm turquoise and 565 nm green light, although the last wavelength does not allow the first step of photoreduction of cryptochrome to the semiqu...

A bird needs to keep track not only of social interactions of conspecifics but also of their changing locations in space by determining their directions and distances. Current knowledge of accuracy in the computation of sound source location by birds is still insufficient, partly because physiological mechanisms of few species are studied in well defined laboratory settings, while field studies...

We study logical principles connecting two relations: independence, which is known as nondeducibility in the study of information flow, and functional dependence. Two different epistemic interpretations for these relations are discussed: semantics of secrets and probabilistic semantics. A logical system sound and complete with respect to both of these semantics is introduced and is shown to be ...

We present formal proof rules for inductive reasoning about the way thatdata transmitted on the network remains secret from a malicious attacker. Extendinga compositional protocol logic with an induction rule for secrecy, we prove sound-ness for a conventional symbolic protocol execution model, adapt and extend previ-ous composition theorems, and illustrate the logic by proving ...

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), HCH isomers (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in sediment, soil, whole body homogenates of resident and migratory birds and their prey items (including fish, green mussel, snail, earthworm, crabs, prawn, lizard and frogs), bird eggs and bats collected from southern In...

Several proposals have been made to public-keyenable various stages of the secret-key-based Kerberos network authentication protocol. The computational requirements of public key cryptography are much higher than those of secret key cryptography, and the substitution of public key encryption algorithms for secret key algorithms impacts performance. This paper uses closed, class-switching queuin...

Auditory sensitivity in three species of woodpeckers was estimated using the auditory brainstem response (ABR), a measure of the summed electrical activity of auditory neurons. For all species, the ABR waveform showed at least two, and sometimes three prominent peaks occurring within 10 ms of stimulus onset. Also ABR peak amplitude increased and latency decreased as a function of increasing sou...

Plants are influenced inevitably by environmental stresses due to their immobility. Sound waves are one of these environmental factors affecting plants. This study was designed to understand the relationship between sound waves and plant responses that is still low knowledge. For this purpose, Salvia splendens, one of the common plants in urban green spaces, were influenced by sound wa...