BACKGROUND During development, neuronal growth cones integrate diffusible and contact guidance cues that are conveyed to both actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons and ensure axon outgrowth and pathfinding. Although several post-translational modifications of tubulin have been identified and despite their strong conservation among species, their physiological roles during development, especi...

Recent in situ measurements at tropical tropopause temperatures as low as 187 K indicate supersaturations with respect to ice exceeding 100% with little or no ice present. In contrast, models used to simulate cloud formation near the tropopause assume a supersaturation threshold for ice nucleation of about 65% based on laboratory measurements of aqueous aerosol freezing. The high supersaturatio...

We have developed a Lagrangian air-parcel cirrus model (LACM), to diagnose the processes controlling water in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). LACM applies parameterised microphysics to air parcel trajectories. The parameterisation includes the homogeneous freezing of aerosol droplets, the growth/sublimation of ice particles, and sedimentation of ice particles, so capturing the main dehydra...

Background: Recent studies have shown that 3′-deoxy-3′-[F] fluorothymidine ([F]FLT)) uptake depends on endogenous tumour thymidine concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate tumour thymidine concentrations and whether they correlated with [F]FLT uptake across a broad spectrum of murine cancer models. A modified liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used ...

Tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL), the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a C-terminal tyrosine residue to alpha-tubulin in the tubulin tyrosination cycle, is involved in tumor progression and has a vital role in neuronal organization. We show that in mammalian fibroblasts, cytoplasmic linker protein (CLIP) 170 and other microtubule plus-end tracking proteins comprising a cytoskeleton-associated...

[1] We identify the top of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) by analyzing the vertical mass flux profile based on radiative transfer calculations employing observed atmospheric profiles and cloud information. We find that the top of the TTL is located at 18.7 km (70 mb). We have analyzed the CALIPSO lidar cloud observations from June 2006 to February 2007, which indicates that almost no cloud...

Purpose The effect of sagittal plane angle of the tibial tunnel on the severity of tibial intra-articular aperture expansion caused by iatrogenic re-reaming in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a modified transtibial technique is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the severity of intra-articular aperture widening at different angles (40°, 45°, and 50°) of the ...

Low-noise lTL-compatible off-chip driver (OCD) circuits are very important, especially for low-power electronics, but scaled-down CMOS technology requires a lower operating voltage of 3.3 V, while most applications require 5 V. The dual power-supply requirement makes the design of OCD challenging, first because pull-up devices, especially p-MOS devices, must be able to handle an off-chip voltag...

The problem of designing and specifying complex systems for which constraints of time and synchronization with the outside world or other systems-have to be respected is a highly debated topic. It is generally dealt with by imposing precise design methods which make it possible to verify that the results obtained meet the requirements laid down when the system is deened (CAD methods and softwar...